ANSI ASHRAE 161-2013 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft.pdf

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1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2013(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2007)Air Quality withinCommercial AircraftSee Appendix B for approval dates.This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Com-mittee has established a documented

2、program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely,documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions, anddeadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org)

3、or in paper form from the Manager ofStandards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or fromASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478.Telephone: 404-636-8400 (world

4、wide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. 2013 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is define

5、d by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessari

6、ly unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participat

7、ion of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee membe

8、rs may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b.

9、 participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available infor

10、mation andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guideline

11、s will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidin

12、gproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equip

13、ment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 161CognizantTC:TC 9.3 (Lead),Transportation and Air Conditioning andTC 4.3 (Co-Cognizant), Ventilation Requirements and InfiltrationSPLS L

14、iaison: Steven J. EmmerichSteven J. Tochilin, Chair* Joshua B. Kelton* Michael MassoniPaul A. Lebbin, Vice Chair* Judith Murawski* Christopher S. McDanielFrank Martin Brehany* Herbert Suitner* Jianlei NiuKaren J. Bull* Brian Buchanan Robert C. RebsamenGary Steven Dutt* Graeme John Cleary Christine Q

15、. SunRichard B. Fox* Waller S. Clements Chris WitkowskiJohn Mitchell Hall* Houshang Ferdows Peggy BendfeldtMichael Holland* Benjamin Kalom Andreas BezoldByron W. Jones* Erik Kuiper*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014Willi

16、am F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowr

17、i Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. ReindlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional

18、 reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2013,Air Quality within Commercial AircraftSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions .24 Compliance .35 General Requir

19、ements36 Ventilation .47 Contaminants68 Measures to Address Contamination of the Cabin and Flight Deck Air During Episodicand Nonepisodic Events .79 Measurements 1410 References14Informative Appendix A: Typical Rating Conditions for Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled DX-DOAS Units . 16Informative Appendix

20、B: Addenda Description Information 20NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered

21、trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digit

22、al form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2013(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requireme

23、nts for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThe environment aboard commercial aircraft is differentthan that found in other spa

24、ces commonly occupied by peo-ple. Occupant density is typically high, and occupant activitylevels range from almost completely sedentary (passengers)to very active (flight attendants). Aircraft passengers andcrew make up a wide cross section of the general population,ranging from the very young to t

25、he very old, from the healthyto the infirm, and from frequent fliers to inexperienced fliers.In addition, the aircraft must be regarded as both a publicplace (passengers) and a workplace (crew). A unique aspectof the aircraft environment is that, unlike many other indoorenvironments, including those

26、 for some other modes of trans-portation, occupants do not have the ability to remove them-selves from the environment. The controlled atmosphereaboard the aircraft in flight is at a lower pressure and relativehumidity than that found in many other environments. Fur-ther, unlike other indoor environ

27、ments, the outside airintended for ventilation is first compressed and heated in theaircraft engines/APU, creating the potential for engine-sourced and entrained compounds to contaminate the cabinair. The environment outside the aircraft in flight is hostile tohuman life and, while aircraft are oper

28、ated with the comfortof passengers and crew in mind, their safety and health mustalways be paramount.This standard addresses these unique characteristics ofaircraft cabin environments as well as characteristics that arecommon to many other indoor environments. The scope ofthis standard references 14

29、CFR25 to define the category ofaircraft to which the standard applies. It is not intended toexclude aircraft of the same category certified in other juris-dictions. The term “commercial aircraft” as used in this stan-dard refers to aircraft engaged in common carriage asdefined in the Airworthiness H

30、andbook, Order 8300.10, Vol-ume 2, Chapter 60, Section 5 (U.S. Federal Aviation Adminis-tration, Department of Transportation, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC, October 2006).Standard 161 is updated using ASHRAEs continuousmaintenance procedures. According to these procedures, thestand

31、ard is continuously revised by addenda that are publiclyreviewed, approved by ASHRAE and ANSI, and publishedand posted for free on the ASHRAE website. Instructions andforms for submitting a proposed change can be found at theend of the standard.1. PURPOSEThis standard defines the requirements for ai

32、r quality inair-carrier aircraft and specifies methods for measurement andtesting in order to establish compliance with the standard.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard applies to commercial passenger air-carrieraircraft carrying 20 or more passengers and certified underTitle 14 CFR Part 25.12.2 This standard

33、 considers chemical, physical, and biologi-cal contaminants as well as moisture, temperature, pressure,and other factors that may affect air quality.2.3 Because this standard cannot take into account everyvariable, especially those relating to safe operation of the air-craft, the diversity of source

34、s and types of contaminants inaircraft cabin air, and the range of susceptibility in the popu-lation, compliance with this standard will not necessarilyensure acceptable aircraft cabin air quality for everyone.3. DEFINITIONSair, ambient: the outside air surrounding the aircraft.air, engine bleed: ai

35、r extracted from the compressor stages ofgas turbine propulsion engines and auxiliary power units.air, outside: as used in this standard, this term always refersto ambient air supplied to the aircraft cabin by the environ-mental control system.air, recirculated: air from the aircraft passenger cabin

36、 that isreused as part of the supply air.air, supply: air delivered to the aircraft cabin and used forpressurization, ventilation, temperature control, and humiditycontrol.air-conditioning system (packs): a part of the environmentalcontrol system, typically pneumatically powered, that providescoolin

37、g and heating for aircraft cabin temperature control.aircraft, commercial: an aircraft engaged in common car-riage according to FAA 8300:10.2auxiliary power unit (APU): a gas-turbine powered unit thatprovides electrical power and compressed air to operate air-craft systems independent of the aircraf

38、t propulsion engines.cabin: a term applied to any spaces in the aircraft occupied bypassengers or crew members.cabin altitude: the effective altitude to which the aircraftcabin is pressurized.cabin pressure control system (CPCS): part of the environ-mental control system that regulates cabin altitud

39、e.contaminant: an airborne constituent that may reduce accept-ability of the air.cockpit: see flight deck.environmental control system (ECS): the equipment in anaircraft used to pressurize, ventilate, air condition, dehumid-ify, or humidify the aircraft cabin. It includes cabin-supplyairflow control

40、, temperature control, distribution, recircula-tion, and filtration.flight: a term used in this standard to describe the status of theaircraft anytime it is not in contact with the ground. Note:This definition is not necessarily consistent with the FAA def-inition of flight operations. ASHRAE (www.a

41、shrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2013 3flight deck: the portion of the aircraft occupied by the pilotsfor the purpose of aircraf

42、t operation. Also referred to as the“cockpit.”ground operations: a term used in this standard to describethe status of the aircraft anytime it is in contact with theground and is occupied by any passengers or at least one crewmember.occupiable space: space that is within the pressurized cabinand int

43、ended for human activities. Spaces with equipmentthat is periodically maintained but not normally attended arenot considered occupiable.ozone converter: a part of the environmental control systemor air-conditioning system used to reduce the ozone present inthe outside air supply to acceptable levels

44、 for cabin occupantrespiration.pack burn: the practice of operating the air-conditioningpacks and/or pneumatic system at a high temperature settingintended to clean suspected contamination from the inside ofthe high pressure environmental control components.personal airflow outlet (PAO): an adjustab

45、le air supply noz-zle located at each passenger seat overhead console or crewstation and individually controlled by the passenger or crewmember. Also commonly known as a “gasper” or an individ-ual outlet.ventilation: the process of supplying air to or removing itfrom a space for the purpose of contr

46、olling air contaminantlevels, cabin pressure, humidity, airflow patterns, and temper-ature within the space.ventilation effectiveness (VE): for the purpose of this stan-dard, VE is defined as the fraction of the outside air deliveredto the space that reaches the breathing zonethe regionwithin the oc

47、cupied space that is located between planes 3 in.(75 mm) and 72 in. (1830 mm) above the floor and 2 or morein. (50 or more mm) from the wall.ventilation, total: the sum of the outside air and recirculatedair supplied to the aircraft cabin and other occupied spaces.4. COMPLIANCETo comply with this st

48、andard, the requirements of Sec-tions 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 shall be met. This standard is intendedto be independent of specific aircraft systems and equipment.Applying this standard requires some knowledge of com-mon aircraft environmental control systems and equipment.Descriptions of common environmen

49、tal controls systems andequipment may be found in Chapter 10 of the 2011 ASHRAEHandbookHVAC Applications.35. GENERAL REQUIREMENTSExcept where specified otherwise, Section 5 and its sub-sections apply anytime the aircraft is occupied by passengersor crew members. When the cabin is divided into parts by par-titions, curtains, seating density, or temperature control zones,the requirements of Section 5 and its subsections apply toeach such part of the cabin. These requirements also apply tothe flight deck.5.1 Pressure. This section addresses aircraft compartmentpressuri