System-Level I-OMay 28, 2008.ppt

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1、System-Level I/O May 28, 2008,Topics Unix I/O Robust reading and writing Reading file metadata Sharing files I/O redirection Standard I/O,A Typical Hardware System,main memory,I/O bridge,bus interface,ALU,register file,CPU chip,system bus,memory bus,disk controller,graphics adapter,USB controller,mo

2、use,keyboard,monitor,disk,I/O bus,Expansion slots for other devices such as network adapters.,Unix File Types,Regular file Binary or text file. Unix does not know the difference! Directory file A file that contains the names and locations of other files. Character special and block special files Ter

3、minals (character special) and disks (block special) FIFO (named pipe) A file type used for interprocess comunication Socket A file type used for network communication between processes,Opening Files,Opening a file informs the kernel that you are getting ready to access that file.Returns a small ide

4、ntifying integer file descriptor fd = -1 indicates that an error occurred Each process created by a Unix shell begins life with three open files associated with a terminal: 0: standard input 1: standard output 2: standard error,int fd; /* file descriptor */if (fd = open(“/etc/hosts”, O_RDONLY) 0) pe

5、rror(“open”);exit(1); ,C File I/O vs. Unix File I/O,C file I/O: FILE * fopen(const char *name, const char *mode) int fclose(FILE *stream) FILE type represents a stream, passed to fclose(), fread(), fwrite(), Stream: abstraction for a file descriptor and a buffer in memory Portable; implemented on to

6、p of host OS file system Unix file I/O: int open(const char *path, int oflag, int mode) int close(int fd) open() returns lowest available integer file descriptor file descriptor analogous to FILE in C I/O See Stevens chapter for details, examples,Unix File I/O Quiz 1,What is the output of this code?

7、,int main() int fd1, fd2;fd1 = open(“foo.txt“, O_RDONLY, 0);close(fd1);fd2 = open(“bar.txt“, O_RDONLY, 0);close(fd2);printf(“fd2 = %dn“, fd2);exit(0); ,Unix File I/O Quiz 2,What is the output of this code if foobar.txt contains “foobar“?,int main() int fd1, fd2;char c;fd1 = open(“foobar.txt“, O_RDON

8、LY, 0);fd2 = open(“foobar.txt“, O_RDONLY, 0);read(fd1, ,Unix File I/O Quiz 3,What is the output of this code if foobar.txt contains “foobar“?,int main() int fd;char c;fd = open(“foobar.txt“, O_RDONLY, 0);if (fork() = 0) read(fd, ,Unix Files,A Unix file is a sequence of m bytes: B0, B1, , Bk , , Bm-1

9、 All I/O devices are represented as files: /dev/sda2 (/usr disk partition) /dev/tty2 (terminal) Even the kernel is represented as a file: /dev/kmem (kernel memory image) /proc (kernel data structures),Unix I/O,The elegant mapping of files to devices allows kernel to export simple interface called Un

10、ix I/O. Key Unix idea: All input and output is handled in a consistent and uniform way. Why do we care? Understanding I/O will help you understand other system concepts Sometimes you have no chance but to use Unix I/O functions Basic Unix I/O operations (system calls): Opening and closing files open

11、()and close() Changing the current file position (seek) lseek (not discussed) Reading and writing a file read() and write(),Closing Files,Closing a file informs the kernel that you are finished accessing that file.Closing an already closed file is a recipe for disaster in threaded programs (more on

12、this later) Moral: Always check return codes, even for seemingly benign functions such as close(),int fd; /* file descriptor */ int retval; /* return value */if (retval = close(fd) 0) perror(“close”);exit(1); ,Reading Files,Reading a file copies bytes from the current file position to memory, and th

13、en updates file position.Returns number of bytes read from file fd into buf nbytes 0 indicates that an error occurred. short counts (nbytes sizeof(buf) ) are possible and are not errors!,char buf512; int fd; /* file descriptor */ int nbytes; /* number of bytes read */* Open file fd . */ /* Then read

14、 up to 512 bytes from file fd */ if (nbytes = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf) 0) perror(“read”);exit(1); ,Writing Files,Writing a file copies bytes from memory to the current file position, and then updates current file position.Returns number of bytes written from buf to file fd. nbytes 0 indicates that

15、an error occurred. As with reads, short counts are possible and are not errors! Transfers up to 512 bytes from address buf to file fd,char buf512; int fd; /* file descriptor */ int nbytes; /* number of bytes read */* Open the file fd . */ /* Then write up to 512 bytes from buf to file fd */ if (nbyt

16、es = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf) 0) perror(“write”);exit(1); ,Unix I/O Example,Copying standard input to standard output one byte at a time.,#include “csapp.h“int main(void) char c;while(Read(STDIN_FILENO, ,Dealing with Short Counts,Short counts can occur in these situations: Encountering (end-of-fil

17、e) EOF on reads. Reading text lines from a terminal. Reading and writing network sockets or Unix pipes. Short counts never occur in these situations: Reading from disk files (except for EOF) Writing to disk files. How should you deal with short counts in your code? Use the RIO (Robust I/O) package f

18、rom your textbooks csapp.c file (Appendix B).,The RIO Package,RIO is a set of wrappers that provide efficient and robust I/O in applications such as network programs that are subject to short counts. RIO provides two different kinds of functions Unbuffered input and output of binary data rio_readn a

19、nd rio_writen Buffered input of binary data and text lines rio_readlineb and rio_readnbDownload from csapp.cs.cmu.edu/public/ics/code/src/csapp.c csapp.cs.cmu.edu/public/ics/code/include/csapp.h,Unbuffered RIO Input and Output,Same interface as Unix read and write Especially useful for transferring

20、data on network socketsrio_readn returns short count only it encounters EOF. rio_writen never returns a short count. Calls to rio_readn and rio_writen can be interleaved arbitrarily on the same descriptor.,#include “csapp.h”ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n); ssize_t rio_writen(nt fd,

21、 void *usrbuf, size_t n);Return: num. bytes transferred if OK, 0 on EOF (rio_readn only), -1 on error,Implementation of rio_readn,/* rio_readn - robustly read n bytes (unbuffered)*/ ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) size_t nleft = n;ssize_t nread;char *bufp = usrbuf;while (nleft 0) i

22、f (nread = read(fd, bufp, nleft) = 0 */ ,Buffered RIO Input Functions,Efficiently read text lines and binary data from a file partially cached in an internal memory bufferrio_readlineb reads a text line of up to maxlen bytes from file fd and stores the line in usrbuf. Especially useful for reading t

23、ext lines from network sockets. rio_readnb reads up to n bytes from file fd. Calls to rio_readlineb and rio_readnb can be interleaved arbitrarily on the same descriptor. Warning: Dont interleave with calls to rio_readn,#include “csapp.h”void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd);ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio

24、_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen); ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n);Return: num. bytes read if OK, 0 on EOF, -1 on error,RIO Example,Copying the lines of a text file from standard input to standard output.,#include “csapp.h“int main(int argc, char *argv) int n;rio_t rio;char

25、bufMAXLINE;Rio_readinitb( ,File Metadata,Metadata is data about data, in this case file data. Maintained by kernel, accessed by users with the stat and fstat functions.,/* Metadata returned by the stat and fstat functions */ struct stat dev_t st_dev; /* device */ino_t st_ino; /* inode */mode_t st_mo

26、de; /* protection and file type */nlink_t st_nlink; /* number of hard links */uid_t st_uid; /* user ID of owner */gid_t st_gid; /* group ID of owner */dev_t st_rdev; /* device type (if inode device) */off_t st_size; /* total size, in bytes */unsigned long st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O

27、*/unsigned long st_blocks; /* number of blocks allocated */time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */time_t st_ctime; /* time of last change */ ;,Example of Accessing File Metadata,/* statcheck.c - Querying and manipulating a files meta data */ #includ

28、e “csapp.h“int main (int argc, char *argv) struct stat stat;char *type, *readok;Stat(argv1, ,bass ./statcheck statcheck.c type: regular, read: yes bass chmod 000 statcheck.c bass ./statcheck statcheck.c type: regular, read: no,How the Unix Kernel Represents Open Files,Two descriptors referencing two

29、 distinct open disk files. Descriptor 1 (stdout) points to terminal, and descriptor 4 points to open disk file.,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor table one table per process,Open file table shared by all processes,v-node table shared by all processes,File pos,refcnt=1,.,File pos,refcnt=1,.,stderr,

30、stdout,stdin,File access,.,File size,File type,File access,.,File size,File type,File A (terminal),File B (disk),Info in stat struct,File Sharing,Two distinct descriptors sharing the same disk file through two distinct open file table entries E.g., Calling open twice with the same filename argument,

31、fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor table (one table per process),Open file table (shared by all processes),v-node table (shared by all processes),File pos,refcnt=1,.,File pos,refcnt=1,.,File access,.,File size,File type,File A,File B,How Processes Share Files,A child process inherits its parents op

32、en files. Here is the situation immediately after a fork,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor tables,Open file table (shared by all processes),v-node table (shared by all processes),File pos,refcnt=2,.,File pos,refcnt=2,.,Parents table,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Childs table,File access,.,File size,Fil

33、e type,File access,.,File size,File type,File A,File B,I/O Redirection,Question: How does a shell implement I/O redirection? unix ls foo.txt Answer: By calling the dup2(oldfd, newfd) function Copies (per-process) descriptor table entry oldfd to entry newfd,a,b,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor tab

34、le before dup2(4,1),b,b,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor table after dup2(4,1),I/O Redirection Example,Before calling dup2(4,1), stdout (descriptor 1) points to a terminal and descriptor 4 points to an open disk file.,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor table (one table per process),Open file tab

35、le (shared by all processes),v-node table (shared by all processes),File pos,refcnt=1,.,File pos,refcnt=1,.,stderr,stdout,stdin,File access,.,File size,File type,File access,.,File size,File type,File A,File B,I/O Redirection Example (cont),After calling dup2(4,1), stdout is now redirected to the di

36、sk file pointed at by descriptor 4.,fd 0,fd 1,fd 2,fd 3,fd 4,Descriptor table (one table per process),Open file table (shared by all processes),v-node table (shared by all processes),File pos,refcnt=0,.,File pos,refcnt=2,.,File access,.,File size,File type,File access,.,File size,File type,File A,Fi

37、le B,Standard I/O Functions,The C standard library (libc.a) contains a collection of higher-level standard I/O functions Documented in Appendix B of K&R. Examples of standard I/O functions: Opening and closing files (fopen and fclose) Reading and writing bytes (fread and fwrite) Reading and writing

38、text lines (fgets and fputs) Formatted reading and writing (fscanf and fprintf),Standard I/O Streams,Standard I/O models open files as streams Abstraction for a file descriptor and a buffer in memory. C programs begin life with three open streams (defined in stdio.h) stdin (standard input) stdout (s

39、tandard output) stderr (standard error),#include extern FILE *stdin; /* standard input (descriptor 0) */ extern FILE *stdout; /* standard output (descriptor 1) */ extern FILE *stderr; /* standard error (descriptor 2) */int main() fprintf(stdout, “Hello, worldn”); ,Buffering in Standard I/O,Standard

40、I/O functions use buffered I/O,printf(“h”);,h,e,l,l,o,n,.,.,printf(“e”);,printf(“l”);,printf(“l”);,printf(“o”);,printf(“n”);,fflush(stdout);,buf,write(1, buf += 6, 6);,Unix I/O vs. Standard I/O vs. RIO,Standard I/O and RIO are implemented using low-level Unix I/O.Which ones should you use in your pr

41、ograms?,Unix I/O functions (accessed via system calls),Standard I/O functions,C application program,fopen fdopen fread fwrite fscanf fprintf sscanf sprintf fgets fputs fflush fseek fclose,open read write lseek stat close,rio_readn rio_writen rio_readinitb rio_readlineb rio_readnb,RIO functions,Pros

42、and Cons of Unix I/O,Pros Unix I/O is the most general and lowest overhead form of I/O. All other I/O packages are implemented using Unix I/O functions. Unix I/O provides functions for accessing file metadata. Cons Dealing with short counts is tricky and error prone. Efficient reading of text lines

43、requires some form of buffering, also tricky and error prone. Both of these issues are addressed by the standard I/O and RIO packages.,Pros and Cons of Standard I/O,Pros: Buffering increases efficiency by decreasing the number of read and write system calls. Short counts are handled automatically. C

44、ons: Provides no function for accessing file metadata Standard I/O is not appropriate for input and output on network sockets There are poorly documented restrictions on streams that interact badly with restrictions on sockets,Pros and Cons of Standard I/O (cont),Restrictions on streams: Restriction

45、 1: input function cannot follow output function without intervening call to fflush, fseek, fsetpos, or rewind. Latter three functions all use lseek to change file position. Restriction 2: output function cannot follow an input function with intervening call to fseek, fsetpos, or rewind. Restriction

46、 on sockets: You are not allowed to change the file position of a socket.,Pros and Cons of Standard I/O (cont),Workaround for restriction 1: Flush stream after every output. Workaround for restriction 2: Open two streams on the same descriptor, one for reading and one for writing:However, this requi

47、res you to close the same descriptor twice:Creates a deadly race in concurrent threaded programs!,FILE *fpin, *fpout;fpin = fdopen(sockfd, “r”); fpout = fdopen(sockfd, “w”);,fclose(fpin); fclose(fpout);,Choosing I/O Functions,General rule: Use the highest-level I/O functions you can. Many C programm

48、ers are able to do all of their work using the standard I/O functions.When to use standard I/O? When working with disk or terminal files. When to use raw Unix I/O When you need to fetch file metadata. When to use RIO? When you are reading and writing network sockets or pipes. Never use standard I/O or raw Unix I/O on sockets or pipes.,