ASTM C24-09(2018) Standard Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials.pdf

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1、Designation: C24 09 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forPyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C24; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the

2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Th

3、is test method covers the determination of the pyro-metric cone equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick,high-alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar bycomparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones underthe conditions prescribed in this test method.1.2 UnitsThe values st

4、ated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 ExceptionsCertain weights are in SI units withinch-pound in parentheses. Also, certain figures h

5、ave SI unitswithout parentheses. These SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental pra

6、ctices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides a

7、nd Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C71 Terminology Relating to RefractoriesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples B

8、yComparison TechniquesE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology C71.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of preparing a test cone fro

9、ma refractory material and comparing its deformation end pointto that of a standard pyrometric cone. The resultant PCE valueis a measure of the refractoriness of the material.4.2 Temperature equivalent tables for the standard coneshave been determined by the National Institute of Standardsand Techno

10、logy when subjected to both slow and rapid heatingrates.5. Significance and Use5.1 The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds toa certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time,temperature, and atmosphere.5.2 The precision of this test method is subject to manyvariables that are dif

11、ficult to control. Therefore, an experiencedoperator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilizedfor specification purposes.5.3 PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high-alumina refractories.5.4 This is an effective method of identifying fireclayvariations, mining control, and develo

12、ping raw material speci-fications.5.5 Although not recommended, this test method is some-times applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina.Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories andnever be used for specification purposes.6. Procedure6.1 Preparation of Sample:1This te

13、st method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1919. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C24 09 (2013). D

14、OI:10.1520/C0024-09R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr

15、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recomme

16、ndations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.1.1 Clay or BrickCrush the entire sample of fire clay orfireclay brick, in case the amount is small, by means of rolls ora jaw crusher to produce a particle size not larger than14 in.(6 mm). If the amount

17、is large, treat a representative sampleobtained by approved methods. Then mix the sample thor-oughly and reduce the amount to about 250 g (0.5 lb) byquartering (see Note 1). Then grind this portion in an agate,porcelain, or hard steel mortar and reduce the amount again byquartering. The final size o

18、f the sample shall be 50 g and thefineness capable of passing an ASTM No. 70 (212-m) sieve3(equivalent to a 65-mesh Tyler Standard Series). In order toavoid excessive reduction to fines, remove them frequentlyduring the process of reduction by throwing the sample on thesieve and continuing the grind

19、ing of the coarser particles untilall the sample passes through the sieve (see Note 2). Takeprecautions to prevent contamination of the sample by steelparticles from the sampling equipment during crushing orgrinding.NOTE 1Take care during the crushing and grinding of the sample toprevent the introdu

20、ction of magnetic material.NOTE 2The requirement to grind the coarser particles is particularlyimportant for highly siliceous products; excessively fine grinding mayreduce their PCE by as much as two cones.6.1.2 Silica Fire Clay (see 3.1)In the case of silica fireclay, test the sample obtained by ap

21、proved methods as receivedwithout grinding or other treatment.6.2 Preparation of Test Cones:6.2.1 After preparing samples of unfired clays (Note 3), orof mixes containing appreciable proportions of raw clay, inaccordance with 6.1.1, heat them in an oxidizing atmosphere inthe temperature range from 1

22、700 to 1800 F (925 to 980 C)for not less than 30 min.NOTE 3Some unfired clays bloat when they are formed into cones andare carried through the high-temperature heat treatment prescribed in 6.2.1without preliminary calcining. The substances that cause bloating can, inmost cases, be expelled by heatin

23、g the clay samples before testing.6.2.2 The clay sample may be given the heat treatmentprescribed in 6.2.1 after it has been formed into a cone (see6.2.3), but this procedure has been found not as effective as thetreatment of the powdered material. If cones so prepared bloatduring the PCE test, heat

24、 a portion of the original sample in itspowdered condition as prescribed in 6.2.1 and then retest it.6.2.3 Thoroughly mix the dried sample, and after theaddition of sufficient dextrine, glue, gum tragacanth, or otheralkali-free organic binder and water, form it in a metal moldinto test cones in the

25、shape of a truncated trigonal pyramid withits base at a small angle to the trigonal axis, and in accordancewith dimensions shown in Fig. 1. In forming the test cone usethe mold shown in Fig. 2.6.3 Mounting:6.3.1 Mount both the test cones and the standard pyrometriccones on plaques of refractory mate

26、rial that have a compositionthat will not affect the fusibility of the cones (see Note 4).Mount both test and PCE cones with the base embedded so thatthe length of the sloping face of the cone above the plaque shallbe1516 in. (24 mm) and the face of the cone (about whichbending takes place) shall be

27、 inclined at an angle of 82 withthe horizontal. Arrange the test cones with respect to the PCEcones as shown in Fig. 3, that is, alternate the test cones withthe PCE cones in so far as is practical (see Note 5). The plaquemay be any convenient size and shape and may be biscuitedbefore using, if desi

28、red.NOTE 4A satisfactory cone plaque mix consists of 85 % fusedalumina and 15 % plastic refractory clay. For tests that will not go aboveCone 34, the plastic refractory clay may be increased to 25 % and thealumina may be replaced with brick grog containing over 70 % alumina.The alumina or grog shoul

29、d be ground to pass an ASTM No. 60 (250-m)sieve (equivalent to a 60-mesh Tyler Standard Series), and the PCE of therefractory plastic clay should be not lower than Cone 32.NOTE 5The number of cones and their mounting facing inward asshown in Fig. 3 is typical for gas-fired furnaces of relatively lar

30、gedimensions and gases moving at high velocity. The practical bore of themuffle tubes in most electric furnaces does not permit cone pats of thissize. The static atmosphere prevailing permits the cones being mounted toface outward, if so desired.6.4 Heating:6.4.1 Perform the heating in a suitable fu

31、rnace, operatingwith an oxidizing atmosphere, at rates to conform to thefollowing requirements (see Notes 6 and 7). It is advisable, butnot mandatory, that the furnace temperature be controlled with3Detailed requirements for this sieve are given in Specification E11.NOTE 1Dimensions are in inches.SI

32、 Equivalentsin. mm0.075 1.900.272 6.910.281 7.141.081 27.461.125 28.58FIG. 1 Standard Pyrometric Test ConeC24 09 (2018)2a calibrated4thermocouple or radiation pyrometer connected toa program-controlled recorder.6.4.1.1 For PCE tests expected to have an end point of PCECone 12 or above, but not excee

33、ding Cone 26, heat at the rateprescribed in Table 1.6.4.1.2 For PCE tests expected to have an end point aboveCone 26, heat at the rate prescribed in Table 2.NOTE 6The heating rate through the cone series in both Tables 1 and2 is at 270 F (150 C) h.NOTE 7Following a test run, the cone pat may be remo

34、ved at 1830 F(1000 C) and a new pat may be put in without cooling the furnace tobelow red heat. The time interval to bring the furnace, using Table 1,upto Cone 12 shall be not less than 20 min, and using Table 2, the timeinterval up to Cone 20 shall be not less than 25 min.6.4.2 The furnace atmosphe

35、re shall contain a minimum of0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Make provisions toprevent any external forces from being exerted on the cones orcone plaque, such as from flames or gases. Test the furnace atintervals to determine the uniformity of the distribution of theheat.6.5 Pyrometric Cone Equi

36、valent:6.5.1 The softening of the cone will be indicated by the topbending over and the tip touching the plaque.Always report thebloating, squatting, or unequal fusion of small constituentparticles. Report the pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) interms of standard pyrometric cones and the cone that mo

37、stnearly corresponds in time of softening with the test cone. Ifthe test cone softens later than one standard pyrometric conebut earlier than the next standard pyrometric cone and approxi-mately midway between, report the PCE as Cone 3334.6.5.2 If the test cone starts bending at an early cone but is

38、not down until a later cone, report this fact.6.5.3 The temperatures corresponding to the end points ofthe standard pyrometric cones are frequently of interest and areshown in Appendix X1.7. Precision and Bias7.1 PrecisionNo justifiable statement of precision is pos-sible since the results of the te

39、sts are descriptive and do notproduce a precise numeric value.4Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.Table of Dimensionsin. mm in. mmA 0.50 12.7 K 2.500 63.50B 0.75 19.0 L 2.75 69.8C 2.510 63.75 M 1.00 25.4D 1.084 27.53 N 0.12 3.0E 1.015 25.78 O 0.62 15.7F 0.229 5.82 P

40、0.75 19.0G 0.75 19.0 Q 0.75 19.0H 0.460 11.68 R 1.50 38.1I 0.399 10.13 S 0.75 19.0J 0.75 19.0 T 2.62 66.5FIG. 2 Split Mold for ASTM Pyrometric Test ConeFIG. 3 Method of Mounting Test Cones and Appearance AfterTestingTABLE 1 Heating Rates Up to Cone 26Cold Test Furnaceto Cone No.Time inter-val, minCu

41、mulativeTime, h:min12 45 0:4513 5 0:5014 19 1:0915 13 1:2216 24 1:4617 9 1:5518 4 1:5919 8 2:0720 9 2:1623 16 2:3226 7 2:39C24 09 (2018)37.2 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true physical property values of refractories cannot beestablished by any acceptable reference materi

42、al.8. Keywords8.1 PCE; pyrometric cone; pyrometric cone equivalent;refractoriesAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TEMPERATURES CORRESPONDING TO STANDARD PYROMETRIC CONE END POINTSX1.1 The approximate temperature equivalents correspond-ing to the end points of those standard pyrometric cones thata

43、re used in connection with refractory testing are as shown inTable X1.1.X1.2 Heating Rate:X1.2.1 Cones 12 to 37, inclusive270 F (150 C) h.X1.2.2 Cone 38(100 C) h.X1.2.3 Cones 39 to 42, inclusive1080 F (600 C) h.X1.3 Standard pyrometric cones 28 and 30 are manufac-tured but are not used in the PCE te

44、st.X1.4 Temperatures for Cones 12 to 37 were reported at theNational Institute of Standards and Technology.5Temperaturesfor Cones 38 to 42 were determined by C. O. Fairchild and M.F. Peters.6These temperatures apply satisfactorily for all theconditions of this test method, but do not apply to thecon

45、ditions of commercial firing of kilns and use of refractorymaterials.X1.5 Temperature values were determined in degrees Cel-sius; Fahrenheit temperature values were calculated.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item menti

46、onedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee a

47、nd must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting

48、of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo

49、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ H. P., Journal of the American Ceramic So