ASTM C1027-09(2017) Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile.pdf

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1、Designation: C1027 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forDetermining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed CeramicTile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,

2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance oftile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certa

3、in irregularsurfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test methodbecause of wear patterns.1.2 This procedure does not make provisions for the appar-ent difference in abrasion values between light and darkcolored tile.1.3 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of glosswith abrasion.1.4

4、The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr

5、iate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelo

6、pment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:ISO 105451423. Significance and Use3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined byrotation of an abras

7、ive load on the surface and the assessmentof the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of theabraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agentin light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasionsurface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirtparticles.4. Abrasiv

8、e Load4.1 The total load on each test specimen consists of thefollowing:4.1.1 Grade 25 chrome steel balls of various diameters:4.1.1.1 70.0 g of 5-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.2 52.5 g of 3-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.3 43.75 g of 2-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.4 8.75 g of 1-mm diameter steel ba

9、lls.4.1.2 3.0 g No. 80 grit aluminum oxide, and4.1.3 20 6 0.5-mL demineralized water.5. Reagents and Apparatus5.1 Abrasion ApparatusThe abrasion apparatus shall con-sist of a steel case with a built-in electrical drive to a horizontalsupporting plate with positions for a maximum of nine testspecimen

10、s of dimensions at least 100 by 100 mm (see Fig. 1),but an apparatus with fewer positions may be used. Thedistance between the center of each position shall be 195 mm.There shall be equal distance between each adjacent position.The supporting plate rotates at 300 revolutions/min with aneccentricity

11、of 22.5 mm so that every part of each testspecimen describes a circular motion of 45-mm diameter. Thetest specimens are held down with the aid of metal holders,which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internaldiameter of the holders is 83 mm, thus providing a test area ofabout 54 cm2.

12、The thickness of the rubber is 2.5 mm and theheight of the space under the holder is 25.5 mm. The apparatusswitches off automatically after completion of a preset numberof revolutions. The supporting plate with holders and testspecimens should have a cover during operation.5.2 Apparatus for Visual A

13、ssessmentA viewing box (seeFig. 3) equipped with fluorescent lighting of color temperature5000 to 6500K placed vertically above the surface to beobserved providing 300-lux illumination. The interior of thebox shall be painted a neutral gray.5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at (110 + 5)C.1This t

14、est method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved . Published November 2017. Originally approved 1984.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1027 09. D

15、OI: 10.1520/C1027-09R17.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was deve

16、loped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.4 10 % (v/v) Hyd

17、rochloric Acid Solution, prepared byadding 263 mL of 38 % hydrochloric acid to 837 mL ofdistilled or demineralized water.6. Test Specimen6.1 Types of Test SpecimensTest specimens shall be rep-resentative of the sample. Where tiles have different colors ordecorative effects in parts of the surface, c

18、are should be takento include all distinctive parts.6.2 The usual facial dimensions of test specimens are 10 cmby 10 cm, but any size that fits securely in the apparatus shallsuffice (for example, a common “four by four” in. tile shallsuffice). Test specimens with smaller facial dimensions shall bef

19、astened close together on a suitable supporting material. Edgeeffects at the narrow joints shall be ignored.6.3 Number of Test SpecimensEleven test specimens arerequired. Eight test specimens also are required for the visualassessment. The procedure requires one test specimen for eachstage of abrasi

20、on, and subsequently, an additional three testspecimens to verify the result at the visual fail point.6.4 PreparationThe surfaces, of the test specimens to betested, are to be clean and dry.7. Procedure7.1 Abrasion ProcedureClamp a metal holder on to theglazed surface of each test specimen on the ab

21、rasion apparatus.Introduce the abrasive load, as described in Section 4, into theholder through the hole in its upper surface. The hole may besealed to prevent loss from the abrasive load. The number ofrevolutions of the preset counter for each abrasion stage of thetest is 100, 150, 600, 750, 1500,

22、2100, 6000, and 12 000.7.1.1 After abrasion, rinse the test specimens under runningwater and dry in the oven at (110 + 5)C. If the test specimensare stained with iron oxide, they may be cleaned with 10 %(v/v) hydrochloric acid, as described in 5.4, before rinsingunder running water and drying.7.1.2

23、Evaluation of Surface AbrasionFor visualcomparison, a viewing box, as described in 5.2, shall be used(see Fig. 3). The eight unabraded tile should be cleaned with asoft damp cloth to remove surface dust and after air dryingshould be placed in a hollow square pattern in the viewing box.The abraded ti

24、le should be placed in the center of the hollowsquare and the array of tile should be directly viewed fromapproximately2matanangle of approximately 40. The arrayshould not be viewed for more than 10 s to avoid a studiedobservation of the surface. The lowest number of abradingcycles that show an appa

25、rent visual difference between theabrading tile and the unabraded tile shall be recorded.7.1.3 The result is verified by retesting at the abrasion stagewhen failure is observed and the next higher and lowerabrasion stages. If the result is not the same, the lower of thetwo abrasion stages shall be u

26、sed to decide the classification.Abraded tiles, which have passed 1500, 2100, and 6000revolution stages subsequently may be tested for stain resis-tance in accordance with the staining procedure in 7.2 (basedon ISO 10545-14, pastes only) at which visual failure occurred.The abraded tile which has pa

27、ssed the 12 000 revolutions stage,subsequently shall be tested for stain resistance in accordancewith the staining procedure in following section (based on ISO10545-14).7.1.4 After use, the metal bases and chrome steel ballbearings should be cleaned with water followed by methylatedspirits and then

28、thoroughly dried to prevent rusting.7.2 Cleaning ProcedureThe resistance to staining of theabraded tile surfaces is determined by maintaining test solu-tions and materials in contact with the proper surface of thetiles for a suitable length of time; the surface are then subjectedto defined cleaning

29、methods, and finally, inspected for visualchange.7.2.1 Test SpecimensOnly one abraded tile is required foreach of the abrasion stages to be tested.7.2.2 Staining AgentsGreen staining agent in light oil3andred staining agent in light oil4(for green-colored tile only).7.2.3 Cleaning Agents:7.2.3.1 Hot

30、 Water.7.2.3.2 Weak Cleaning Agent, a commercial agent, notcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.7.2.3.3 Strong Cleaning Agent, a commercial cleaning agentcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.7.2.4 Suggested Solvents:3Green staining agent is a paste consisting of 40 % by mass commercial

31、gradeof chrome oxide, Cr2O3(95 % + chrome oxide) of the following approximateparticle size distribution, suspended in propanetriol monodecanoate dioctanoateavailable as Myritol 318 from Henkel.The sole source of supply of Myritol 318 known to the committee at this time isHenkel Corp., 300 Brookside

32、Ave., Ambler, PA 19002. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.%12 000 and pass staining test Class VC1027 09 (2017)6