ASTM D6913D6913M-17 Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis.pdf

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1、Designation: D6913/D6913M 17Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6913/D6913M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revisi

2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test method has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations due to soilt

3、ypes and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected. Multipleprocedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures are not new,they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are composite sieving,designated sep

4、arating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority of conditions andprocedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The table of contents in theScope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic or requirement. Onlysections/subsecti

5、ons with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections will not be continuousin some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.This test method is used to separate particles into size rangesand to determine quantitatively th

6、e mass of particles in eachrange. These data are combined to determine the particle-sizedistribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-ing sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil betweenthe 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and material, are use

7、d interchangeablythroughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in.(75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used.1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller thanNo. 200 (75-m) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may beused.1.5 Typically, if the

8、maximum particle size is equal to orless than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving isapplicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size isgreater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5mm (38-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or compositesieving is applicable. F

9、inally, if the maximum particle size isequal to or greater than 19.0 mm (34-in sieve), compositesieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size ofthe specimen (mass) required.

10、 The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe performed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must beused when performing composite sieving. For cases ofdisputes, Method A is the refere

11、e method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximumparticle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail,

12、 procure-ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtainedusing appropriate methods and is representative.1.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air dry,and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain aspecimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type ofsample, t

13、he maximum particle-size in the sample, the range ofparticle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testingon the sample. The procedure may be specified by therequesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section

14、10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days tocomplete, depending on the type and size of the sample andsoil type.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Pl

15、asticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6913 04(2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/D6913-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P

16、A 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization

17、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.11.10 This test method is not applicable for the followingsoils:1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change inparticle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organicsolvents, oil,

18、asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-dures.1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components,such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent testresults within a

19、nd between laboratories for the following soilsand the precision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes changethe gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils aresome residual soils, most weathered shales and some weaklycemented soils such as h

20、ardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconiticclays or some dried plastic clays.1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted,or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized gradation-testin

21、g programcould be performed. The alterations could require the washingand sieving procedures to be standardized such that eachspecimen would be processed in a similar manner.1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up ofparticles may be tested using this method. However, theapplicable se

22、ctions above should be used in applying thisstandard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded and

23、 calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe significant digits that generally should be retained. Theprocedures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations fo

24、r the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering design.1.14 UnitsThe dimensional

25、values stated in either SI unitsor inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designationsare typically identified using the “alternative” system inaccordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,instead of the “standard” system

26、of 75 mm and 75 m,respectively. Only the SI units are used for massdeterminations, calculations, and reported results. However,the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm)shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method

27、 isgiven in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior

28、to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at theend of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processing 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Terminology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to ThisStandard3.3Summary of Tes

29、t Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Specimen Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer

30、Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle(optional)6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven(optional)6.12Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker

31、(optional) 6.14Reagents 7Sodium Hexametaphosphate 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification of Sieves 8.1Verification Interval 8.1.1Verification of Mechanical Sieve ShakerandStandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Ha

32、nd Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Intact Tube Samples 9.2.3Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4Specimen 10General 10.1Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Compo

33、site Sieving 10.3.2Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement and ProcessingRequirements10.5D6913/D6913M 172Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-SetSieving10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sie

34、ving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss(CPL)10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving10.5.4Air-Dried Procedure, CompositeSieving10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, Composi

35、teSieving10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.

36、3General Precautions 11.4.3.1Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5First Sieve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser

37、 Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Dispersing and WashingSubspecimen11.5.2.1Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6Separating 1stSubspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2ndCoarserPo

38、rtion11.6.2Dry Sieving 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.32ndSubspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspecimen11.6.4.1Dry Sieving 2ndSubspecimen 11.6.4.2Calculations 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12.2Single Sieve-Set Sieving, PercentPassing12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving,

39、 Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion(CP)12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving CorrectionFactor (CSCF)12.5.1.2CP, Acceptable Loss DuringWashingand Sieving12.5.1.3Composite Sieving, Subspecimen(finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen(combinedcoarser and fine

40、r portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.5.2.3Finer Portion, Percent Passing(optional)12.5.3Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.61stCoarser Portion 12.6.11stSubspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2ndCoarserPortion12.6.2.12ndCo

41、arser Portion, CompositeSievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22ndCoarser Portion, AcceptableLoss onSieving and Washing12.6.2.32ndCoarser Portion, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.2.4Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.2.52ndSubspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2ndSubspecimen 12.6.3.12

42、ndSubspecimen, AcceptableFractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, AcceptanceCriterion12.6.3.31stFiner Portion, Percent Passing(optional)12.6.42ndFiner Portion, CompositeSievingCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12ndFiner Portion, Percent Passingfor2ndSubspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: T

43、est Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precision 14.1.2Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPD-Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD-Method B Repeatability 1

44、4.1.3.3TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2Soils Type 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/ReductionMethodsAnne

45、x A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing RecommendationBasedon Soil TypeA2.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and CleanSand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3

46、Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4D6913/D6913M 173Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both(ML,MH)A2.2.5Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, orBoth (OL, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2

47、General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES1.18 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or

48、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods

49、for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Mate-rial Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for