【考研类试卷】西医综合-诊断学-3及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-诊断学-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Although there are many skillful Braille readers, thousands of other blind people find it difficult to learn that system. They are thereby shut (1) from the world of books and newspapers, having to (2) on friends to read aloud

2、 to them.A young scientist named Raymond Kurzweil has now designed a computer which is a major (3) in providing aid to the (4) .His machine, Cyclops, has a camera that (5) any page, interprets the print into sounds, and then delivers them orally in a robot-like (6) through a speaker. By pressing the

3、 appropriate buttons (7) Cyclopss keyboard, a blind person can “read“ any (8) document in the English language.This remarkable invention represents a tremendous (9) forward in the education of the handicapped. At present, Cyclops costs $ 50,000. (10) , Mr. Kurzweil and his associates are preparing a

4、 smaller (11) improved version that will sell (12) less than half that price. Within a few years, Kurzweil (13) the price range will be low enough for every school and library to (14) one. Michael Hingson, Director of the National Federation for the Blind, hopes that (15) will be able to buy home (1

5、6) of Cyclops for the price of a good television set.Mr. Hingsons organization purchased five machines and is now testing them in Maryland, Colorado, Iowa, California, and New York. Blind people have been (17) in those tests, making lots of (18) suggestions to the engineers who helped to produce Cyc

6、lops.“This is the first time that blind people have ever done individual studies (19) a product was put on the market,“ Hingson said. “Most manufacturers believed that having the blind help the blind was like telling disabled people to teach other disabled people. In that (20) , the manufacturers ha

7、ve been the blind ones. /（分数：10.00）(1).A up B down C in D off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A dwell B rely Cpress D urge（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A execution B distinction C breakthrough D process（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A paralyzed B uneducated C invisible D sightless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A scans B enlarges C sketches

8、 D projects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A behavior B expression C movement D voice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A on B at C in D from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A visual B printed C virtual D spoken（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A stride B trail C haul D footprint（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A Likewise B Moreover C However D Though（分数：0.50

9、）A.B.C.D.(11).A but B than C or D then（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A on B for C through D to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A estimates B considers C counts D determines（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A settle B own C invest D retain（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A schools B chihlren C families D companies（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A model

10、s B modes C cases D collections（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A producing B researching C ascertaining D assisting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A true B valuable C authentic D pleasant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A after B when C before D as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A occasion B moment C sense D event（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section

11、 Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nobody ever went into academia to make a fast buck. Professors, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting t

12、o flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that

13、 they earned a combined $ 576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Now Columbia is going

14、 retail on the Web. It plans to go beyond the typical “dot. edu“ model, free sites listing courses and professors research interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent company. The site will provide free access to ed

15、ucational and research content, say administrators, as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students, such as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive 3-D models of organic chemicals. Free pages will feel into profit-generati

16、ng areas, such as online courses and seminars, and related books and tapes. Columbia executive vice provost Michael Crow imagines “millions of visitors“ to the new site, including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource. “We can offer the best of whats thought and

17、written and researched,“ says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project. Columbia also is anxious not be aced out by some of the other for-profit “knowledge sites,“ such as About. com and Hungry Minds. “ If they capture this space,“ says Crow, “theyll begin to cherry-pick our best faculty. “Profits from

18、the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, and Web profits would work the same way, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as

19、one who doesnt? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?“If theres the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university could be diminished,“ worries Herve Varenne, a cul

20、tural anthropology professor at Columbias education school. Says Kirschner: “We would never compromise the integrity of the university. “Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear. Its going to take the best minds on campus to find a n

21、ew balance between profit and purity.（分数：10.00）(1).In the past, if you want to make fast money, you should work in_.A academia B ivory towerC company D medical field（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “aggressively“ ( Line 4, Paragraph 2 ) most probably means_.A harmfully B carelesslyC desperately D boldl

22、y（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, the traditional feature of the Web of Columbia is_.A offering free access to the advanced features that are available to Columbias studentsB free page will feed into profit-producing pageC providing the expertise of the teachers on the profit siteD offeri

23、ng free sites listing courses and professors research interests（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Besides the delight of most people for the profit, some_.A worry that the professors are not reliableB think this tendency may be terribleC hope the university to give more support to researchers who work for profitD

24、 show mercy to the scholars toiling in the musty area（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author uses the words of the professor Herve Varenne and Kirschner to show_.A if the faculties all try to make money the university will have no authorityB the new site may not add to the growing profitsC there exist some

25、problems behind the profitD new balance between profit and purity will be the best opinion（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirel

26、y up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for a

27、voiding extinction.The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving me

28、mbers, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.With the estimated population of o

29、nly about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had troub

30、le conceiving naturally.The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or

31、 Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bear host.Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from

32、 other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species surv

33、ive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue. (402 words)Notes: ethically 道德上。gene pool 基因库。insemination n.受精。fertilize 使受精。embryo 胚胎。pro

34、ponent 支持者，拥护者。weigh A against B 权衡 A 和 B 的利弊。（分数：10.00）(1).The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in paragraph 1 in order toA identify the issues that will not be addressed in the text.B reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text.C identify one of th

35、e main issues affecting the cloning controversy today.D draw the readers attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order toA show that cloning as an arti

36、ficial birth technique has succeeded.B argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloning.C show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.D demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species.（分数：2.00）

37、A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4 is written in order toA detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.B guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population.C demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species

38、is a feasible goal.D inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The main purpose of the last paragraph is toA argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.B display both sides arguments on another contentious issu

39、e in cloning.C redirect the readers attention to the previously raised issue of ethics in cloning.D provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the best candidate for

40、 cloning would beA Giant Pandas.B an endangered species with many living related species.C the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully applied.D those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Tex

41、t 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In November the European Parliaments culture and education committee is due to move forward on its proposed “audiovisual media services“ directive, before sending it to the full parliament in December. The new rules update and relax the “Television Without Frontiers“ directive of

42、1989, which opened Europes national markets. But critics complain that they also seek to extend fusty regulations from the era of broadcast television to todays very different technologies. Rules on advertising, the protection of children and so on could potentially also apply to all kinds of video

43、streams, including video blogs, online games and mobile-video services. This could have a chilling effect on innovation and risks stifling emerging technologies with rules designed for another age, says Chris Marsden of RAND Europe, a think-tank that has analysed the potential impact of the proposed

44、 rules for Ofcom, Britains media and telecoms regulator. “Regulators have to be thoughtful. They cannot predict the future of television “or the internetno one can,“ says Niklas Zennstr. m, a co-founder of Skype, who is now setting up an internet television firm. The proposed rules may be unrealisti

45、c as well as onerous. The idea that websites can be regulated like broadcasters, which are required to keep strict records of what they show in order to help watchdogs investigate complaints, is untenable. Firms could simply relocate outside the European Union to escape the new rules. Last week Ruth

46、 Hieronymi, a member of parliament, said she would introduce wording that might help to overcome some of the objections. Behind the debate is the question of how best to balance competition and protection. Traditional broadcasters worry that they will be shackled by regulations while brisk start-ups

47、 can do as they pleaseso they like the idea of extending regulation to their new rivals. But even if the rules are approved as they stand, they will not come into force until 2010. Such a long, slow process seems incongruous given the pace of technological change.（分数：10.00）(1).The change of televisi

48、on can be attributed to_. A the scarce spectrum and only small number of stations existed B advancement of technology C the preference of different audiences D Europes attempt to update the rules（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, the new rules_. A seek to revise the previous regulation B complained by many educators C passed by European Parliament in 1989 D opened Europes national markets（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the Paragragh 3, Niklas Zennstr. m think that_. A rules designed for another age is still available B “Television Without Frontiers“ direct