【考研类试卷】连锁遗传分析(一)及答案解析.doc

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1、连锁遗传分析(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? (1) an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets (2) the details. Wherever anything happens in the worl

2、d, reporters are on the spot to (3) the news. Newspapers have one basic (4) , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to (5) it. Radio, telegraph, television, and (6) inventions brought competition for newspaper. So did the development of maga

3、zines and other means of communication. (7) , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the (8) and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are (9) and read than ever before. Competiti

4、on also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers (10) of the latest news, todays newspapers (11) and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers economic choices (12) advertising. Most newspapers depend on

5、 advertising for very (13) . Newspapers are sold at a price that (14) even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main (15) of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The (16) in selling advertising depends on a newspapers value to advertisers. This (17) in terms of circulatio

6、n. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends (18) on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment (19) in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information (20) the community, city,

7、county, state, nation, and worldand even outer space.（分数：10.00）(1).A Just when B While C Soon after D Before（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A to give B giving C given D being given（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A gather B spread C carry D bring（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A reason B cause C problem D purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5)

8、.A make B publish C know D write（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A another B other C one another D the other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A however B And C Therefore D Furthermore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A value B ratio C rate D speed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A spread B passed C printed D completed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A inform

9、B be informed C to be informed D informed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A entertain B encourage C educate D edit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A on B through C with D of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A forms B existence C contents D purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A tries to cover B manages to cover C fails to cover D succeeds i

10、n covering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A source B origin C course D finance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A way B means C chance D success（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A measures B measured C is measured D was measured（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A somewhat B little C much D something（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A offering B offered C w

11、hich offered D to be offered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A by B with C at D about（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Henry Kissinger may be the most successful, certainly the most flamboyant, Secretary of State to hold that office in modern tim

12、es. When he was appointed in the late 1960s, there were no American ties with Communist China, Vietnam and Berlin seemed ready to draw the United States into a third world war, and Russia was seen as “the enemy“.But all this has changed, and Henry Kissinger caused much of the change; in 1971, he mad

13、e his first trip to China, a trip that was the beginning of the current ties between the United States and China. He brought the United States and Russia closer together on major issues by the policy he called “detente“, literally meaning a relaxation. His philosophy was always to talk and to bring

14、together. With these two policies, Kissinger did much to draw attention away from any possible Russia-American friction.In 1973 he made his first visit to Egypt. Here he was able to begin U.S. relations with Egypt. He used his contact later to begin the sort of talks that the American press called “

15、shuttle diplomacy“. For ninety-nine days, he “shuttled“ back and forth on flights between Cairo and Jerusalem to work out a step-by-step withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai desert. His wit, his careful approach to detail, and his presence made “shuttle diplomacy“ work. It was the only succes

16、sful approach to Mid-east peace in the thirty years since the state of Israel was founded.Another major work was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talk. Though his term in office passed with the treaty unsigned, Kissinger left a draft of the treaty to which the Russians had already agreed. The SALT trea

17、ty spelled out a one-tenth reduction in nuclear arms, a major accomplishment by any standard, even if one does not consider all the other conditions and limitations included in the treaty.Even though he successfully helped bring an end to the Vietnam War, Kissingers final days in office were affecte

18、d, as was the entire executive branch in one way or another, by the scandals of the Nixon White House. Kissingers critics point to his role in placing wiretaps on the phones of reporters and officials and to what they consider his “high-handed“ approach to setting foreign policy. But Kissinger, duri

19、ng the last few months of the Nixon presidency, limited the effects of American domestic problems on our foreign policy. He continued talks in the Middle East. He continued close contact with the Soviet Union.History will decide in the final view, as Kissinger-and many presidents-often said, on the

20、value of his service. Whatever they decide, whether his actions are finally to be considered wise or foolish, he had a personal vision that will be difficult to match. (459 words)Notes: work out 制定。spell out 清楚地说明。wiretap 窃听(电话)。scandal 丑闻。（分数：10.00）(1).According to the context, the word “flamboyant

21、“ most likely meansA notorious.B ambiguous.C showy.D arbitrary.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the text thatA “shuttle diplomacy“ seriously affected the SALT treaty.B Watergate scandals made Kissinger ineffective.C some of the things Kissinger initiated are still b

22、eing worked out.D Kissinger is an outstanding politician but unable to cope with domestic affairs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The text does not directly say, but implies that KissingerA suffered a series of defeats while being in office.B significantly altered the direction of international relationships.C

23、 was unsuccessful in bringing about peace in the Middle East.D played a more important role than the president during the Nixon administration.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The main idea of the text is thatA Kissinger helped smooth over many conflicts in the world.B as the Secretary of State, Kissinger was v

24、ery influential in American foreign policy.C a lot of international conflicts would not have been resolved without Kissingers effort.D Kissinger did much to end the cold war with the Communist World.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors tone in the text may best be summarized as that ofA objectivity.B su

25、spicion.C sympathy.D admiration.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a Supreme Court dec

26、ision barring them from the area. So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as the declared deadline of March 15th neared, that a clash at Rams supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfortunately, happene

27、d often enough before.But the threat has not vanished. The courts decision is only an interim one, and the main Hindu groups have not given up on their quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya-related explosion of 1992-1993

28、, is again a feature of the political landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack on Hindus in a train in Gujarat that started the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are.to be heard inveighing against the “appeasi

29、ng“ of Muslims through such concessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practice Islamic civil law. Once again, the police are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, Indias 130m Muslims feel unequal and unsaf

30、e in their own country. Far too many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is “their own country“ at all.The wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zealots still support,

31、sustain and to a degree constitute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as a political front for the Hindu movement. It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the “family of organizations“. Other members of the famil

32、y are much less savoury. There is the VHP, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the brutalist “youth wing“ of the VHP. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize the slaughter of hund

33、reds of Muslims in Gujarat after 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the Supreme Court ruled thatA Muslims are denied the right to civil laws.B Hindu-Muslim clashes are an issue of religion.C it is illegal to seek to build the Ram templ

34、e.D religious groups are in the charge of their leaders.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the writer wants to illustrate with “a Muslim attack on Hindus on a train in Gujarat“?A The brutality of extreme Indian policemen.B Frequent clashes between Hindus and Muslims.C The cruelty as shown by Hindus to M

35、uslims.D The disappearance of extreme religious violence.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “rampaging“ (Para 2) denotesA “dominance.“B “violence.“C “deference.“D “acceptance./（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, now the world would praise Hindus and Muslims mainly for theirA generosity.B humanene

36、ss.C enthusiasm.D sensibility.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Towards the issue of Hindu-Muslim relations, the writers attitude can be said to beA objective.B biased.C appalled.D supportive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The human Y chromosomethe DNA chunk that makes a man a manhas lost so many genes

37、 over evolutionary time that some scientists have suspected it might disappear in 10 million years. But a new study says itll stick around.Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself,“ said research

38、er David Page of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mass.That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it c

39、lashes with what Page called the “imminent demise“ idea that says the Y chromosome is doomed to extinction.The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hu

40、ndreds of its original genes, causing them to be shed as useless. The Y now contains only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes.In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scient

41、ists disagreed with his conclusion. The new paper focuses on a region of the Y chromosome where genes cant be fixed that way.Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that t

42、he comparisons would reveal genes that have become disabled in one species or the other during that time.They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species

43、 lineage in the last 6 million years,“ Page said. That contradicts the idea that the human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast itll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss the imminent demise theory,“ Page said.Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the A

44、ustralian National University in Canberra, a gene researcher who argues for eventual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Pages work “beautiful“ but said it didnt shake her conviction that the Y is doomed.The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a

45、 lot shorter than 10 million years, but it could be a lot longer,“ she said.The Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “theres no reason to expect it cant happen to humans,“ she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determinin

46、g role of the Y, she said.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first 3 paragraphs thatA the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution.B a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years.C scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome.D mathematical calculations are important in gene

47、tic studies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Page seems to believe thatA the gene loss of Y chromosome is sure and fast.B the gene loss of Y chromosome is quite slow.C the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“.D the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new one.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “dinky“ ( line 1, pa

48、ragraph 4) most probably meansA dirty. B tricky. C mai-functional. D defective.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Jennifer seems to believe thatA the extinction of Y chromosome is inevitable.B Pages research is more beautiful than hers.C the “imminent demise“ theory is nonsense.D whether Y chromosome will disappear is uncertain.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards the Y chromosome issue seems to beA optimistic. B confusing. C panicked. D objective.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Horse thieves, cattle rustlers, bank robbers, train and stagecoach robbers, highwaymen, mu