【考研类试卷】考研英语（翻译）-试卷64及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语（翻译）-试卷 64 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_【F1】 The value which society places on work has traditi

2、onally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today wit

3、h flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the persons wages for fear of malingering.“The purpose of social security,“ said Huntford referring to Swedens comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of

4、prosperity.“ Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third

5、, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability.【F2】 People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordina

6、ry illnesses. Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend.【F3】 Similarly,

7、 the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and

8、 non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace.【F4】 There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a moder

9、n social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs. The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair.【F5】 It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and

10、was essentially anti-economic.“ It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers opposition towards loss of their jobs.（分数：

11、10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_It is a cherished Brussels maxim that the European Union takes its greatest leaps forwards in a crisis and then only after several false starts.【F1】 Thus for Euro-optimists, the fact that it has taken EU

12、leaders nearly three months to deliver a promised rescue package for Greece is less important than the fact that on May 2nd the block finally leapt, setting in motion the biggest sovereign bail out plan in EU history. Meeting in Brussels, finance ministers from the 16 countries that use the single c

13、urrency accepted the need to stump up more than 110 billion ($146 billion) over the next three years. In effect, the rescue funds will replace commercial borrowing from the financial markets between now and 2012.【F2】 The hope is that will buy Greece time to bring its deficit under control through sa

14、vage cuts in public spending: Greece has agreed to austerity measures worth 13% of national income over the next four years. So is this a big leap forward: the start of an economic union willing to transfer vast sums from rich regions to ropier members of the club, in the interests of all? For the m

15、oment, scepticism is in order. The pattern of the past three months has been a series of gambles by EU leaders.【F3】 Their bet, each time, has been that a fierce enough political declaration will intimidate markets into backing away from a weak member of the club. This latest announcement looks diffe

16、rent but it is not: it is just the biggest and fiercest declaration yet that markets should leave the eurozone alone. There is more political will to defend the eurozone than there was three months ago. But there is not a trillion euros worth of political will out there.【F4】 That is mostly because t

17、his is such a dynamic crisis: EU political will to act has deepened and strengthened over the past three months, and continues to do so. But the strengthening of EU political will has not kept pace with the worsening of the crisis. All that means this does not (yet) look like a great leap forwards.【

18、F5】 Noting that Greece is going to have to make deep and painful cuts to public sector pay and benefits while raising taxes sharply, Mrs. Merkel, the German chancellor, said those harsh terms would deter other euro zone countries from getting into similar pickles. Other heavily indebted governments

19、would “see that Greeces path, with the IMFs strict terms, is not easy, so they will do everything to avoid that for themselves.“（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world an

20、d for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality.【F1】 That is, photography has two directly oppo

21、site ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. 【F2】 These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the par

22、t of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking“ a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photogra

23、phers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photogr

24、aphy s means.【F3】 Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beau

25、ty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke.【F4】 But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really

26、 armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many phot

27、ographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing“. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic m

28、eans determines trends in taste. The cult of the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality.【F5】 This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the pres

29、ent-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5

30、】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing; that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply t

31、o customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanleys Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the “global labor arbitrage“ is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs.【F2】 It is no longer just basic data proces

32、sing and call centers that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers

33、 to greater competition. The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than 1 million American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4 million jobs in services will have m

34、oved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30 million jobs destroyed and created in America every year.【F3】 The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and

35、education improves in emerging economies. Mr. Blinder says: “education offers no protection.【F4】 Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remai

36、n safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates hat fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages.“ In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significa

37、ntly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily stand

38、ardized skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest.【F5】 A study confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.（分数：10.00）(1

39、).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Suppose you accept the persuasive data that inequality has been rising in the United States and most advanced nations in recent decades. But suppose you dont want to fight inequality through politically polarizin

40、g steps like higher taxes on the wealthy or a more generous social welfare system. 【F1】 There remains a plausible solution to rising inequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americans can benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solu

41、tion that conservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After all, who doesnt favor a stronger educational system. But a new paper shows why the math just doesn t add up, at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else. Brad Hershbein, Mel

42、issa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation that shows the limits of education as an inequality-fighter. In short, more education would be great news for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security.【F2】 It just isn t up to the task of meaningf

43、ully reducing inequality, which is being driven by the sharp upward movement of the very top of the income distribution. It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasury secretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior.【F3】 It is published by the Hamilton Project, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking to find third-way-style solutio