【考研类试卷】考研英语-140及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-140 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Some of the concerns surrounding Turkeys application to join the European Union, to beU (1) /Uon by the E

2、Us Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economicin particular, the countrys relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU.U (2) /Uit is not far off that of Latviaone of the ten new members whichU (3) /Uon May 1st 2004, and it is mu

3、ch the same asU (4) /Uof two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concludedU (5) /Utalks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.U (6) /U, the countrys recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, stunning.

4、GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, aU (7) /Uof growth that no EU country comes close toU (8) /U. TurkeysU (9) /Urate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countryU (10) /Uagreement with the IMF on a new three-yea

5、r, $10 billion iconomic program that will help TurkeyU (11) /Uinflation toward European levels, and enhance the economys resilience.Resilience has not historically been the countrys economic strong point.U (12) /U, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogramU (13) /Ua violent he

6、art attack. ThisU (14) /Uhas been one of the main reasons why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annualU (15) /Uhave scarcely ever reached $1 billion.One deterrent to foreign invest

7、ors is due toU (16) /Uon January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six zeros will be removed from the face value of the lira(里拉,土耳其贷币单位); one unit of the localU (17) /Uwill henceforth be worth what 1 millio

8、n are nowie, about （分数：10.00）A.decidedB.votedC.electedD.appointedA.ButB.SoC.ThoughD.WhileA.presentedB.attendedC.joinedD.participatedA.thatB.whichC.thoseD.theseA.applicationB.accessionC.receptionD.negotiationA.UnfortunatelyB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.FurthermoreA.ratioB.rateC.rhythmD.rhymeA.approachingB.su

9、rpassingC.matchingD.succeedingA.inflationB.interestC.investmentD.tariffA.claimedB.reachedC.concludedD.achievedA.reduceB.dropC.shrinkD.descendA.InsteadB.IndeedC.AccordinglyD.SurprisinglyA.manifestingB.accountingC.recordingD.photocopyingA.mobilityB.flexibilityC.stabilityD.irregularityA.inflowsB.import

10、sC.exportsD.outputsA.reviveB.remainC.disappearD.dischargeA.currentB.currencyC.stockD.shareA.pricedB.labeledC.claimedD.exchangedA.thoughB.butC.forD.sinceA.merchantsB.travelersC.investorsD.executives二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questi

11、ons below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. BText 1/BAddiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed

12、tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch, And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of drugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always want to experiment with things to make them feel go

13、od.“Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions that allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to pay extra attention to what neurologists call saliencethat is, special relevance. Threats, for example, are highly salient, .which is why we

14、instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex because they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this ready-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision-making skills and conditioning kick insalience in

15、overdriveto create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving. “Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction,“ says Volkow. “But because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol.“That can go for nonchemical

16、addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, may start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-specific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obese people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hype

17、ractivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuliincluding the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the floodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, though.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict.

18、Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can evaluate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly how that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive four-week rehabilitation program. Those who were

19、 more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the program were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to adjust to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using analytical areas of the brain while performing de

20、cision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there were reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can override impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in the relapsersan effect rather than a cause of t

21、he chemical abuse-but the fact that the cognitive deficit existed in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict who would relapse within a year simply by examinin

22、g the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the brains reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are looking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the compound. The hope is that if you can reduce the

23、 effect of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signal, you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use, of drugs（分数：2.00）A.is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B.makes it hard for people to drive safely under its influence.C.has

24、 to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D.is understandable behavior because it dates back long ago.(2).According to the text, anyone may be addicted to drugs if they（分数：2.00）A.are born with a predisposition to addiction.B.use certain chemicals long and frequently enough.C.have suffi

25、cient drugs or alcohol to use.D.create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example of（分数：2.00）A.pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B.obese people with brain hyperactivity.C.those who cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D.those wh

26、o might also be addicted to gambling.(4).Paulus could accurately predict the relapsers because（分数：2.00）A.the part of their brain controlling cognitive skills is less active.B.a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective enough.C.he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any br

27、ain damage.D.something innate to their brains prompt them to use drugs.(5).We can infer from the passage that we may cure addiction by（分数：2.00）A.scanning Of brain as often as possible.B.consciously practicing cognitive skills.C.going through intensive rehabilitation programs.D.making the neurotransm

28、itter less sensitive.BText 2/BGood looks, the video-games industry is discovering, will get you only so far. The graphics on a modern game may far outstrip the pixellated blobs of the 1980s, but there is more to a good game than eye candy. Photo-realistic graphics make the lack of authenticity of ot

29、her aspects of gameplay more apparent. It is not enough for game characters to look bettertheir behaviour must also be more sophisticated, say researchers working at the interface between gaming and artificial intelligence(AI).Today s games may look better, but the gameplay is“basically the same“ as

30、 it was a few years ago, says Michael Mateas, the founder of the Experimental Game Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. AI, he suggests, offers an“ untapped frontier“ of new possibilities. “We are topping out on the graphics, so what s going to be the next thing that improves gameplay?“ asks

31、John Laird, director of the A1 lab at the University of Michigan. Improved Al is a big part of the answer, he says. Those in the industry agree. The high-definition graphics possible on next-generation games consoles, such as Microsoft s Xbox 360, are raising expectatious across the board, says Neff

32、 Young of Electronic Arts, the world s biggest games publisher. “You have to have high-resolution models, which requires high-resolution animation,“ he says,“ so now I expect high-resolution behaviour.“Representatives from industry and academia will converge in Marina del Rey, California, later this

33、 month for the second annual Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment(AIIDE ) conference. The aim, says Dr Laird, who will chair the event, is to Increase the traffic of people and ideas between the two spheres. “Games have been very important to AI through the years,“ he notes.

34、 Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of computing in the 1940s, wrote a simple chess-playing program before there were any computers to run it on; he also proposed the Turing test, a question-and-answer game that is a yardstick for machine intelligence. Even so ,AI research and video games existed in s

35、eparate worlds until recently. The Al techniques used in games were very simplistic from an academic perspective, says Dr. Mateas, while Al researchers were, in turn, clueless about modern games. But, he says, “both sides are learning, and are now much closer.“Consider, for example, the software tha

36、t controls an enemy in a first-person shooter (FPS) a game in which the player views the world along the barrel of a gun. The behaviour of enemies used to be pre-scripted: wait until the player is nearby, pop up from behind a box, fire weapon, and then roll and hide behind another box, for example.

37、But some games now use far more advanced“ planning systems“ imported from academia. “Instead of scripts and hand-coded behaviour, the AI monsters in an FPS can reason from first principles,“ says Dr. Mateas. They can, for example, work out whether the player can see them or not, seek out cover when

38、injured, and so on. “Rather than just moving between predefined spots, the characters in a war game can dynamically shift, depending on whats happening,“ says Fiona Sperry of Electronic Arts.If the industry is borrowing ideas from academia, the opposite is also true. Commercial games such as “Unreal

39、 Tournament“, which can be easily modified or scripted, are being adopted as research tools in universities, says Dr. Laird. Such tools provide flexible environments for experiments, and also mean that students end up with transferable skills.But the greatest potential lies in combining research wit

40、h game development, argues Dr. Mateas. “Only by wrestling with real content are the technical problems revealed, and only by wrestling with technology does it give you insight into what new kinds of content are possible, “he says.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, good video-games used to be ju

41、dged in terms of（分数：2.00）A.how sophisticated the behaviors of the characters are.B.how good-looking the characters seem to be.C.how sophisticated the artificial intelligence is.D.how much authenticity is displayed in the characters.(2).The last sentence“ so now I expect high-resolution behavior“ in

42、the second paragraph most probably means（分数：2.00）A.the gameplay should be improved in the future.B.the behavior of game-designers should be refined.C.the definition of characters in games should be more accurate.D.the expectations of gameplayers will be raised across the board.(3).The main purpose o

43、f the AIIDE conference is to（分数：2.00）A.increase communication between the eastern and western spheres.B.garantee the traffic of the gameplayers and the innovation of ideas.C.cooperate to make more money from the computer game industry.D.tap the commercial and academic use of A1 through further commu

44、nication.(4).The example of FPS is used in the passage to（分数：2.00）A.show how software controls an enemy behavior in a shooter game.B.show bow advanced technology can help improve the quality of games.C.stress the importance of first principles in designing excellent games.D.point out that the charac

45、ters in a war game should shift dynamically.(5).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Commercial games can be easily adopted as research tools in colleges.B.College students can also benefit by playing high-resolution games.C.Further communication between the two circles may result in mut

46、ual benefit.D.Wresting with real content and technology will provide more solutions.BText 3/BHalfway through“ The Rebel Sell,“ the authors pause to make fun of“ free-range“ chicken. Paying over the odds to ensure that dinner was not in a previous life, confined to tiny cages is all well and good. Bu

47、t “a free-range chicken is about as plausible as a sun-loving earthworm“: given a choice, chickens prefer to curl up in a nice dark comer of the barn. Only about 15% of “free-range“ chickens actually use the space available to them.This is just one case in which Joseph Heath, who teaches philosophy

48、at the University of Toronto, and Andrew Potter, a journalist and researcher based in Montreal, find fault with well-meaning but, in their view, ultimately naive consumers who hope to distance themselves from consumerism by buying their shoes from Mother Jones magazine instead of Nike. Mr Heath and

49、Mr Potter argue that “the counterculture,“ in all its attempts to be subversive, has done nothing more than create new segments of the market, and thus ends up feeding the very monster of consumerism and conformity it hopes to destroy. In the process, they cover Marx, Freud ,the experiments on obedience of Stanley Milgram, the films“ Pleasantville“, “The Matrix“ and “A