【考研类试卷】北京航空航天大学真题2008年及答案解析.doc

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1、北京航空航天大学真题 2008年及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper ed

2、itors have struggled to define the communitys responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldnt have saved her. It is almost impossible to pro

3、tect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against Children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to

4、the biblical injunction against sparing the rod. Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful

5、 than helpful. Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their co

6、ntrol“. More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teachers privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for surviv

7、al. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education a

8、nd control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by bann

9、ing corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.（分数：7.50）(1).The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from viole

10、nt parents of_A. a family on welfare B. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black family D. a middle-class white family（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).“Sparing the rod“ means_A. spoiling children B. punishing childrenC. not caring about children D. not beating children（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Corporal punishmen

11、t against schoolchildren is _A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teachers provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim ofA. teachers corporal pu

12、nishment B. misjudgment of the courtC. parents ill-treatment D. street violence（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long runA. prevent violence of adults B. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatment D. better the system（分数

13、：1.50）A.B.C.D.Passage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesti

14、ng methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers-certainly not sc

15、ientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the l

16、ives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds cant be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even the details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowin

17、g about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent reco

18、rds of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers o

19、ften go out together, checking each others observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnolog

20、ists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animals behavior“. In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,“ and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.（分数：7.50）(1).In the first sen

21、tence, the word “laymen“ means_A. people who stand aside B. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologists D. people who love animals（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, ethnology is _A. a new branch of biology B. an old Greek scienceC. a pseudo-science D. a s

22、cience for amateurs（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.“ This sentence means_A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they

23、work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hard-and-fast“ means experiment procedures_A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a stri

24、ct and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientists to observe（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships“ can be expressed as_A. natural family relationshipsB. quickly o

25、ccurring family relationshipsC. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlled（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Passage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or ju

26、st plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelli

27、gent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are contro

28、l led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with t

29、heir hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says

30、Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared

31、that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion n

32、erve cells are much more talented- and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and

33、 immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we

34、 do it.（分数：7.50）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in_A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work（分数：1.50）A.B.C.

35、D.(2).The word “gizmos“ (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means_A. programs B. experts C. devices D. creatures（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human bei

36、ngs verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity（

37、分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environment（分数：1.5

38、0）A.B.C.D.Passage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly st

39、opped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland hom

40、e, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too“, she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have

41、been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, expels say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound

42、 any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty

43、 good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,“ says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Inst

44、ead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,“ says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broke. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest r

45、ates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse rest

46、aurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.（分数：7.50）(1).By “Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet“ (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_A. Spero can hardly maintain her business B. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown o

47、ut of her bad habit D. Spero is not in a desperate situation（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).How do the public feel about the current economic situation?A. Optimistic. B. Confused. C. Carefree. D. Panicked.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range“ (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the au

48、thor is talking about_A. gold market B. real estate C. stock exchange D. venture investment（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Why can many people see “silver linings“ to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a bo

49、om.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner. B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not. D. The more ventures, the more chances.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.三、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agencys computers.A. an explanation B. a contradiction C. a reference D. a rejection（分数：0.50）A.