【考研类试卷】北京理工大学真题2008年及答案解析.doc

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1、北京理工大学真题 2008年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Passage 1A TIME columnist bears witness to an operation to help triplets with cerebral palsy walk like other boys.Cindy Hickman nearly bled to death the day she gave birth-three months prematurely-to her triplet sons. Weigh

2、ing less than 2 lbs. each, her babies were alive, but barely. They clung so tenuously to life that her doctors recommended she name them A, B and C. Then, after a year of heroic interventions-brain shunts, tracheotomies, skull remodeling-often requiring emergency helicopter rides to the hospital nea

3、rest their rural Tennessee home, the Hickmans learned that their triplets had cerebral palsy.Fifteen years ago there wasnt much that could be done about cerebral palsy, a disorder caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain. But pediatric medicine has come a long way since then, both in inter

4、vention before birth, with better prenatal care and various techniques to postpone delivery, and surgical interventions after birth to correct physical deficiencies. So although the incidence of cerebral palsy seems to be increasing (because the odds ofpreemies surviving are so much better), so too

5、are the number of success stories.This is one of them. Lane, Codie and Wyatt (as the Hickman boys are called) have spastic cerebral palsy, the most common form, accounting for nearly 80% of cases. “We first noticed that they werent walking when they should,“ Cindy recalls. “Instead they were only do

6、ing the combat crawl.“ Their brains seemed to be developing age appropriately, but their muscles were unnaturally stiff, making walking difficult if not impossible.Happily, spastic cerebral palsy is also the most treatable form of CP, largely thanks to a procedure known as selective dorsal rhizotomy

7、, in which the nerve roots that are causing the problem are isolated and severed. Among the first to champion SDR in the U.S. in the late 1980s was Dr. T.S. Park, a Korean-born pediatric neurosurgeon at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., who has performed more than 800 of these operations and

8、hopes to do an additional 1,000 before he retires.Having performed the operation myself as a resident in neurosurgery, I was eager to see how the countrys most prolific SDR surgeon does it. Last month I got an opportunity to stand by his side as he operated on 3-year-old Lane Hickman.Peering through

9、 a microscope and guided by an electric probe, we were able to distinguish between the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cord. The ventral roots send information to the muscle; the dorsal roots send information back to the spinal cord. The dorsal roots cause spasticity, and if just the ri

10、ght ones are severed, the symptoms can be greatly reduced.Nearly half a million Americans suffer from cerebral palsy. Not all are candidates for SDR, but Park estimates that as many as half may be. He gets the best results with children between ages 2 and 6 who were born prematurely and have stiffne

11、ss only in their legs. He is known for performing the operation very high up in the spine, right where the nerve roots exit the spinal cord. Its riskier that way, but the recovery is faster, and in Parks skilled hands, the success rate is higher.Cindy and Jeremy Hickman will testify to that. Just a

12、few weeks after the procedure, two of their sons are walking almost normally and the third is rapidly improving.（分数：10.00）(1).When the triplets were born,_A. both the triplets and their mother nearly diedB. they didnt have cerebral palsyC. doctors didnt believe they were going to surviveD. they rece

13、ived medical intervention like brain shunts（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Cerebral palsy is_A. deadly diseaseB. a kind of brain disorderC. not treatable for children who are over 6 and have stiffness in their legsD. to be cured by isolating and cutting off the right nerve roots（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).There are m

14、ore and more cases of cerebral palsy_A. because there are more and more tripletsB. because more and more babies prematurely born are able to surviveC. so there are more cases of successful treatmentD. so there are more candidates for SDR（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Dr.T.S. Park_A. is a successful pioneer in

15、 adopting SDR operations in CP treatmentB. is famous because of his success with the triplets who are very difficult casesC. is ambitious by hoping to do another 1,000 SDR operationsD. is not cautious enough by taking risks to perform the operation very high up the spine（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).SDR is a

16、 procedure of_A. prenatal intervention using delivery postponing techniquesB. surgical intervention after birth to reduce spastic symptomsC. isolating and severing either of the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cordD. great risk and high efficiency（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Passage 2Modern lore ha

17、s it that in England death is imminent, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances

18、offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal. We are genetically programmed to disintegrate

19、 and perish, even under optimal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved, shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its futile. The most obvious e

20、xample is late-stage cancer care. A vast industry pushed for aggressive and expensive therapy for prostate cancer, despite a lack of demonstrable benefit for many patients. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive

21、 treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.Meanwhile, the kind of palliative care provided in hospices is taught derogatorily to medical students as a treatment of last resort. In 1950 the United States spent $12.7 billion, or 4.4 percent of gross domestic product, on health care. In 200

22、2 the cost will be $1.54 trillion-nearly 14 percent of GDP, by far the largest percentage spent by any developed country.Anyone can see that this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some ethicists conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop payi

23、ng for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way“ so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I wouldnt go that far. Not long

24、 ago similar arguments were used to justify mandatory retirement ages as young as 55 for employees in industry, academia and government. The message was “Step aside-I want your desk and your paycheck.“ Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive

25、. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the maladies that

26、come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I aspire to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit, or should. Ive watched as the lives of my family members and friends have been painfully prolonged. Its a stark contrast with the inexpensive

27、 and compassionate deaths of my parents a generation ago.As a medical consumer, I may want Medicare to buy me multiple coronary bypass operations or a desperate round of bone-marrow transplantation. As a taxpaying citizen, I know-intellectually, if not emotionally-that the value of such measures mus

28、t be weighed against other social goods, such as housing, defense and education, And as a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthie

29、r lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives. For example, the field of alternative and complementary medicine receives just 0.5 percent chunk of the National Institutes of Heal

30、th budget.To create a humane system of health care, we must acknowledge that death and dying are not themselves the enemies. As the post-World War British epidemiologist Archie Cochrane once observed, cures in medicine are rare, but the need for “care“-attention and reassurance from approachable, sy

31、mpathetic physicians and caregivers-is widespread. Cochrane worried that by pursuing cures at all cost, we would restrict the supply of care that patients can receive. This is precisely the crisis of contemporary medicine: billions for cures, and pennies for care. Medicine can accomplish great thing

32、s for the generation now passing 50, but only if were wise enough not to ask too much of it.（分数：10.00）(1).Peoples different attitudes towards death show that_A. people in other countries dont have a great health-care system as Americans doB. Americans rely too much on their health-care system even t

33、o challenge deathC. Americans are optimisticD. Palliative care works wonders in Americans（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The best health care_A. can even change our genetic programs to prolong our livesB. can guarantee the old an unimaginable life of high qualityC. should do everything possible to save the pat

34、ients lifeD. has limits to what it can do and should do（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Palliative care provided in hospices_A. is not thought much of because it doesnt cure patientsB. needs much more money than health care and is unsustainableC. is for poor people who cant afford to stay in hospital for a long

35、 timeD. should be attached more importance（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The government with finite resources had better_A. balance its budget for research into cures and that into therapies that can help people live healthier and happier livesB. stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond age 83 s

36、o that younger and healthier people can realize their potentialC. make it a rule that people in industry, academia and government who are over 55should retireD. spend less on health and more on housing, defense and education（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What patients need most is_A. a solution to the problem

37、 of deathB. courage, optimism and sympathy for othersC. attention, care and reassurance from friendly physicians and caregiversD. a great health-care system that can provide them the most expensive and best therapies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Passage 3In economics, demand implies something slightly different

38、from the common meaning of the term. The layman, for example, often used the term to mean the amount that is demanded of an item. Thus, if the price were to decrease and individuals wanted more of the item, it is commonly said that demand increases. To an economist, demand is a relationship between

39、a series of prices and a series of corresponding quantities that are demanded at these prices. If one roads the previous sentences carefully, it should become apparent that them is a distinction between the quantity demanded and demand. This distinction is often a point of confusion and we all shoul

40、d be aware of and understand the difference between these two items. We repeat, therefore, that demand is a relationship between price and quantities demanded, and therefore suggests the effect of one (e.g., price) on the other (e.g. quantity demanded) . Therefore, knowledge of the demand for a prod

41、uct enables one to predict how much more of a product will be purchased if price decreases. But the increase in quantity demanded does not mean demand has increased, since the relationship between price and quantity (i.e., the demand for the product) has not changed. Demand shifts when there is a ch

42、ange in income, expectations, tastes, etc., such that a different quantity of the product is demanded at the same price.In almost all cases, a consumer wants more of an item if the price decreases. This relationship between price and quantity demanded is so strong that it is referred to as the “law

43、of demand“. This “law“ can be explained by the income and substitution effects. The income effect occurs because price increases reduce the purchasing power of the individual and, thus, the quantity demanded of goods must decrease. The substitution effect reflects the consumers desire to get the “be

44、st buy“. Accordingly, if the price of product A increases, the individual will tend to substitute another product and purchase less of goods A. The negative correlation between price and quantity demanded is also explained by the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this law, the additi

45、onal utility the consumer gains from consuming a product decreases as successively more units of the product are consumed. Because the additional units yield less utility or satisfaction, the consumer is willing to purchase more only if the price of the product decreases.Economists distinguish betwe

46、en individual and market demand. As the term implies, individual demand concerns the individual consumer and illustrate the quantities that individuals demand at different prices. Market demand includes the demand of all individuals for a particular goods and is found by summing the quantities deman

47、ded by all individuals at the various prices.The other side of the price system is supply. As in the case of demand, supply is a relationship between a series of prices and the associated quantities supplied. It is assumed that as price increases the individual or firm will supply greater quantities

48、 of a product. There is a positive correlation between quantity supplied and product price.Economists also distinguish between a change in supply and quantity supplied. The distinction is similar to the one made with respect to demand. Also, as in the case of demand, economists distinguish between i

49、ndividual firm supply and market supply, which is the summation of individual supply.Taken together, supply and demand yield equilibrium of price and quantity. Equilibrium is a state of stability, with balanced forces in which prices and quantity will remain constant. Moreover, there are forces in the market that will act to establish equilibrium if changes in demand or supply create disequilibrium. For example, if prices are above equilibrium, the quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded and surpluses occ