ASTM F2278-2019 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netting.pdf

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1、Designation: F2278 10a (Reapproved 2014)F2278 19 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas

2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is intended to provide a basic test method that would allow the user to deter

3、mine theeffectiveness of paintball barrier netting. The use of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier nettingtechnolo

4、gy. The intent is to revise this specification whenever substantive information becomesavailable which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate paintball barrier netting that may be used to delineate playing fields, chro

5、nographareas, target ranges, and other “goggle-on” areas of an active paintball site. An apparatus is suggested to evaluate paintball barriernetting in a laboratory. On site testing does not require such an apparatus.1.2 This standard is designed to be used in conjunction with Guide F2184.1.3 The va

6、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard; the inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establis

7、h appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Princip

8、les for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1979 Specification for Projectiles Used in the Sport of PaintballF2184 Guide for Installation o

9、f Paintball Barrier NettingF2272 Specification for Paintball Markers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 caliber, nthe term used to refer to the size of a paintball projectile. Related to the measurement of the diameter of thepaintball as described in Specification

10、F1979.3.1.2 “goggles-on” area, nareas in which all persons are required to wear paintball goggles, such as and not limited to playingfields, game areas, chronograph areas, and target ranges.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the paintball marker through which the paintball is discharged, also referred to as

11、the end of thebarrel.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.24 on Paintball and Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2019. Published September 2014Jan

12、uary 2019. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20102014as F2278 10a.F2278 10a (2014). DOI: 10.1520/F2278-10AR14.10.1520/F2278-19.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

13、 Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically pos

14、sible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W

15、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4 paintball, na spherical ball projectile comprised of a shell and a fill, designed to be expelled from a paintball markerand conforms to Specification F1979.3.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sport of paintball as a protective ba

16、rrier.3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed to discharge paintballs. The device is sometimes referred to as apaintball gun.3.1.7 playing field, nan area delineated by a boundary marker, in which paintball games are conducted.3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally o

17、f gelatin) that encapsulates the fill of a paintball.3.1.9 standard ambient temperature (SAT), nused to describe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).4. Significance and Use4.1 This method is performed to evaluate if paintball barrier netting will prevent an intact paintball or shell fr

18、agments exceeding3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passing through the netting.4.2 This test method provides accurate results about the current effectiveness of the test specimen when field-tested in anexisting installation. Laboratory results are particularly useful for testing the relative effec

19、tiveness of multiple test specimens.4.3 The results stemming from the use of this test method may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of paintball barrier nettingrepresented by the test specimen for use in delineating “goggles-on” areas found at paintball playing fields.4.4 The base procedure outl

20、ined below is applicable to “field-testing.” Additional requirements for “laboratory” testing arenoted.5. Interferences5.1 Laboratory testing does not account for variations that can be found in field tests. These variations include and are notlimited to temperature, UV exposure, wind direction, pre

21、cipitation, and method of installation.5.1.1 This test method is also useful to evaluate the relative performance of one test specimen to another, particularly in thelaboratory.6. Apparatus6.1 Paintball Marker or Markers, of various calibers, capable of discharging paintballs horizontally at a speed

22、 of 94.5 6 6 m/s(310 6 20 ft/s) and conforming to Specification F2272.6.2 Paintballs, of the required calibers, per Specification F1979.6.3 Equipment employed to measure the speed of the test paintball shall be used in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions to measure the velocity of paintbal

23、ls and shall be accurate to within 60.5 m/s (61.6 ft/s) muzzle velocity.6.4 An appropriate backstop placed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1 in.) directly behind and parallel to the test specimen. The backstopshall be a minimum of 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.) high and 122 6 5 cm (48 6 2 in.). The backstop shall be a

24、 hard, smooth surfacethat can withstand the impact of a paintball and can be readily cleaned (see Fig. 1).6.5 If testing in a laboratory, the following apparatus shall be used:6.5.1 Paintball Barrier Netting Rack, see Figs. 2 and 3. This rack is capable of holding the 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.) testspe

25、cimen off the floor and providing vertical support 122 6 1 cm (48 6 0.5 in.) apart at the center of the test specimen (see Figs.2 and 3). The bottom crossbar must have a minimum length of 2.74 m (108 in.) and a weight of 5.6 6 0.1 kg (12.3 6 0.2 lb).FIG. 1 Testing Apparatus LayoutF2278 1927. Hazards

26、7.1 Failure of the test specimen, particularly if an intact paintball passes through the test specimen, will render the test specimenunusable until the test specimen is repaired or replaced.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of paintball barrier netting installed in actual use condi

27、tions, or8.2 For laboratory test only:8.2.1 The top of the test specimen is draped over the top crossbar and fastened to itself with tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1 cm (66 0.5 in.) apart. The tie-wraps must encircle the top crossbar.8.2.2 The bottom of the test specimen is draped over the bottom crossbar

28、(on the same side as the top) and fastened to itselfwith tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1 cm (6 6 0.5 in.) apart, such that the overall length of the test specimen, including the pipes, is244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.). The tie-wraps must encircle the bottom crossbar.8.2.3 The test specimen is suspended on the te

29、st rack with the paintball barrier netting flush, against the test rack and nottouching the floor.8.3 The test specimen shall have a minimum horizontal dimension of 305 6 5 cm (120 6 2 in.) and a minimum verticaldimension of 244 6 5 cm (96 6 2 in.).9. Conditioning9.1 The paintball barrier netting to

30、 be tested will be conditioned for at least 4 h. If tested in a laboratory, the paintball barriernetting will be conditioned at SAT.9.2 All testing shall be done using paintballs manufactured within the previous eight months.9.3 Paintball storage and the non-test handling shall be done at a relative

31、 humidity below 65 % and at SAT.9.4 Paintballs shall be conditioned in their original sealed container for at least 4 h at the humidity and temperature specifiedin 9.1.FIG. 2 Netting Test Rack (Front View)F2278 1939.5 The testing shall be conducted at SAT for laboratory tests. Testing shall be compl

32、eted within 10 min after removal of thepaintball from the sealed container. The paintball container shall be resealed immediately after each paintball is removed.10. Procedure10.1 The paintball marker shall be adjusted so that the velocity of a paintball discharged from the marker will be 94.5 6 6 m

33、/s(310 6 20 ft/s).10.2 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placed at a distance of 4.6 m (15 ft) from the test specimen.10.3 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placed nominally normal to the test specimen, at a distance of 154 6 15 cm(60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizon

34、tally to the middle of the test specimen.10.3.1 If an area to be tested is above 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.), the bottom of the test specimen, the muzzle, will be maintainedat 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) and the marker aimed at the test are, immediately vertical from the nominally normal position.10.4 In

35、a safe manner, discharge ten paintballs that impact the test specimen at a distance of 4.6 m (15 ft) within a 15.4 cm (6in.) diameter circle centered 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizontally to the middle of the testspecimen, at 1-s intervals between discharges.10.5 Observe

36、 any material passing through the paintball barrier netting, noting if the netting allows intact paintballs or shellfragments greater than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) to pass through.10.6 Paintball barrier netting that does allow an intact paintball or a shell fragment larger than 3 by 5 mm (0.11

37、8 by 0.197 in.)to pass through during this test procedure will be recorded as failed.10.7 This test is to be completed with the largest and smallest calibers or types of paintball that the subject paintball barriernetting is intended to prevent an intact paintball or shell fragments exceeding 3 by 5

38、 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passing through.10.8 In laboratory test situations record the date, time, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and results ofthe test at the time of testing.11. Product Marking11.1 The manufacturer or distributor of the paintball barrier netting wil

39、l supply the initial purchaser information regarding thecaliber(s) and type of paintball with which the netting has been tested to be effective.FIG. 3 Netting Test Rack (Side View)F2278 19411.2 This information will also include a statement that will convey the following: “This paintball barrier net

40、ting has been testedto meet or exceedASTM F2278, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netting. In order for this product to provideoptimum performance it is strongly recommended that it be installed as described inASTM F2184, Standard Guide for Installationof Paintball Barrier Netti

41、ng.”12. Precision and Bias12.1 No precision statement on the test method is available at this time.13. Keywords13.1 paintball; paintball barrier netting; paintball markers; paintball sportsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with a

42、ny item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technica

43、l committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration a

44、t a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

45、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 195