（通用版）2019高考英语二轮复习第三板块语法填空与短文改错NO.1先研考题专题一语法填空讲义.doc

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1、1专题一 语法填空做考题明考情 A(2018全国卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _61_ (long) than nonrunners. You dont have to run fast or for long _62_ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_ (die) early by running.While ru

2、nning regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it _64_ (be) more effective at lengthening life _65_ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _66_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease

3、 and early deaths from all _67_ (cause)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise . its probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _68_ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy an

4、d its always _69_ (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give _70_ a try.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了跑步给我们的健康带来的益处，号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动方式。61longer 考查副词的比较级。由空格后的“than”可知应用比较级，故填 long的比较级 longer。62to see 考查非谓语动词。此句意为“你不必

5、跑得很快，也不必跑很长时间就见到效果” ，不定式短语“to see the benefit”作目的状语。63dying 考查非谓语动词。reduce ones risk of . “降低某人的风险” ，此处介词 of后接动词时要用其动名词形式。64is 考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据上下文语境可知这里应用一般现在时；又因为主语 it是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词用 is。65than 考查连词。根据句中的比较级“more effective”并结合语境可知，这里是把 running与 walking, cycling or swimming进行比较，故填 than。66that/which 考查

6、定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰先行词“a study” ，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词 that/which。67causes 考查名词复数。cause 表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，且前面有 all修饰，故填 cause的复数形式。268strengthen 考查派生词。此处 to为不定式符号，在句中作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式 strengthen。69energetic 考查派生词。连系动词 is后应接形容词作表语，故填 energy的形容词形式 energetic。70running/it 考查名词或代词。此处号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动，因此可

7、以填名词 running，也可以用 it指代。give sth. a try“尝试一下某事” 。B(2018全国卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country _61_ (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat

8、is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) ru

9、noff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 200

10、5 when the government _68_ (start) a soiltesting program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (

11、feed) its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide， ” says the banks Juergen Voegele.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。中国近年来根据人们的膳食变化调整农作物种植结构，为全球生态环境保护做出了贡献。61has grown 考查动词时态和主谓一致。由时间状语“Since 2011”可知，主句时态用现在完成时；主语“the country”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用 has grown。62the 考查冠词。over the past 25 y

12、ears“在过去的 25年里” 。63actually 考查派生词。此处表示“对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因” 。修饰谓语动词 is应用副词形式 actually。64to improve 考查非谓语动词。此处表示“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质” ，故用不定式作目的状语。365than 考查连词。由句中的比较级 less可知，此处将玉米和水稻的用水量进行比较，故填 than。66pollution 考查派生词。decrease“降低，减少” ，后接名词作宾语，故填pollution。67global 考查派生词。修饰名词短语“fertilizer consumption”应用

13、形容词，故填 global。68started 考查动词时态。由时间状语“between 2005”可知事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时，故填 started。69that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的“a soiltesting program” ，且在从句中作主语，故填 that/which。70feeding 考查非谓语动词。此处表示“中国在养活中国人民的同时又保护了环境” 。主语 China与 feed之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用“连词现在分词”形式作状语。全国卷 3年考情分析有提示词 无提示词考查点卷别文体年份派生词谓语动词非谓语动词比较

14、等级名词的数代词的格冠词介词代词并列连词从属关联词其他语境填词全国卷(说明文) 2 1 2 1 1 / / / 1 / 2 /全国卷(说明文) 3 2 2 / / / 1 / / / 2 /2018年全国卷(记叙文) 2 1 2 1 / 1 1 1 / / 1 /全国卷(说明文) 1 2 2 1 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /2017年全国卷 3 2 1 / 1 / 1 1 1 / / /4(说明文)全国卷(记叙文) 2 2 2 / 1 / 1 1 / / 1 /全国卷(记叙文) 2 1 2 / 1 1 1 1 / / 1 /全国卷(说明文) 2 2 1 1 1 / 1 1 / / / 120

15、16年全国卷(说明文) 2 2 2 / / / / 1 / 1 2 /3年统计 19 15 16 4 6 2 7 7 2 1 10 1分析全国卷近三年的考点分布可以看出，语法填空考点设置有如下特点：一、有提示词类：设置 67 个小题谓语动词12 题。考查时态、语态及主谓一致，其中涉及语态方面的不超过1题，答案最多三个单词。非谓语动词 12 题。考查不定式、动名词与分词，每种最多设 1题。派生词13 题。考查方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、形容词派生为副词等。每种最多设 1题。名词 01 题。主要考查可数名词的复数，也可能会考查名词的所有格。高频考点形容词和副词类01 题。主要考查

16、形容词和副词词性的转换，以及其比较级或最高级。低频考点代词：01 题。一般给出人称代词的主格，要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物主代词、反身代词等。二、无提示词类：设置 34 个小题介词01 题。重点考查常见介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词，一般不涉及短语介词。冠词01 题。重点考查冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词，一般不涉及零冠词。高频考点从属关联 02 题。侧重于定语从句的引导词。此外，名词性从句、状语从句也偶有5词 涉及。并列连词 01 题。并列句的关联词也偶有涉及。低频考点 其他01 题。包括助动词(如强调谓语动词的 do, does, did；构成部分倒装的 do, does

17、, did；构成一般疑问句的 do, does, did)，构成强调结构的it或 that，连接性副词(before, ago, however, anyway .)等。知考点通技法 一、 “有提示词类”解题攻略(一)高频考点之一：提示词为动词1考查谓语动词解题攻略若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时，应先考虑时态，考生可以根据句中的时间状语或语篇提示确定时态，然后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，来确定谓语动词的数。典例 1(2018全国卷)While running regularly cant make you live

18、forever, the review says it _64_ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.分析：分析句子结构可知，前半句是由while引导的让步状语从句，后半句是主句，主句中含有一个宾语从句，即 it .or swimming作 says的宾语。又因此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时，再根据主谓一致原则可知，应填is。典例 2(2018全国卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since

19、2011, the country _61_ (grow) more corn than rice.分析：分析句子成分可知，空格所在的句子中缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语Since 2011可知，谓语动词需用现在完成时，根据句意可知应用主动语态，再根据主谓一致原则可知填 has grown。典例 3 (2018全国卷)The Chinese 分析：分析句子结构可知，when the 6Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government _68_ (start) a soiltesting program that

20、gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.government _68_ (start) a soiltesting program为关系副词when引导的定语从句，先行词为2005。通过分析定语从句可知从句中缺少谓语动词，再根据时间状语 between 2005可知应填一般过去时，根据句意可知需用主动语态，故填 started。2考查非谓语动词解题攻略若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的通常是非谓语动词，

21、此时需进一步确定是非谓语动词的哪种形式。一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定语通常用动名词形式；此外，doing 表示主动、正在进行；done 表示被动、完成；to do 表示尚未发生的动作。典例 4(2018全国卷)You dont have to run fast or for long _62_ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_ (die) early by running.分析：第一句中已有谓语动词 dont have to run，故空格处应为

22、非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式 to see，作目的状语。第二句中已有谓语动词reduce，故空格处应为非谓语动词。又因空格前有介词 of，结合句意可知，应填 dying，作介词 of的宾语。典例 5(2018全国卷)Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality.分析：句中已有谓语动词 encourages，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式 to improve，作目的状语。典例

23、 6(2018全国卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide， ” says the banks Juergen Voegele.分析：分析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语动词 offers，再根据空格前有从属连词 while可知， “while _70_ (feed) its citizens”为时间状语从句的省略结构，所填的词与其逻辑主语 Ch

24、ina之间为主动关系，故应填现在分词feeding。典例 7 (2016全国卷)But my connection 分析：when 引导的从句中已经有谓语动7with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter _66_(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.词 was，且从句中无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。

25、reporter 与 permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语 permitted to .作后置定语，修饰 reporter。故填permitted。3考查派生词解题攻略有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应派生为哪种词性。一般考查动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。典例 8(2018全国卷)This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reserv

26、oirs and made drinking water safer for people.分析：分析句子成分可知空格前面有谓语动词 has decreased，其后缺少宾语，故填名词 pollution。典例 9(2017全国卷) This development was only possible with the _69_ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.分析：由前面的定冠词 the可知，其后应接名词，故填 introduction。技法汇总 “一定三思”解“动词”8(二)高频考点之二：提示词为名词解题攻略所给提示词为名词

27、时，通常考查可数名词的单数变复数，或名词派生为形容词、动词等。典例 10(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_ (cause)分析：分析句子成分可知，from all _67_ (cause)为介词短语作后置定语，空处位于介词之后作宾语，又因空

28、格前面有 all，所以填其复数形式 causes。典例 11(2018全国卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _68_ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.分析：分析句子成分可知，空格前面有谓语动词 do，再根据句意可知，此处应填动词形式，与空前的不定式符号to构成不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。故填 strengthen。典例 12(2017全国卷)The Central London R

29、ailway was one of the most _70_ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.分析：根据语境并结合空前的 the most可知，空处表达最高级意义。故填 successful。(三)高频考点之三：提示词为形容词或副词解题 当提示词为形容词或副词时，需考虑是否是考查比较级或形容词和副词之间的相9攻略 互转换。当提示词为形容词时，还要考虑是否需要转换为名词形式。典例 13(2018全国卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runn

30、ers live three years _61_ (long) than nonrunners.分析：根据空格后面的 than可知，此处考查比较级形式，故填 longer。典例 14(2018全国卷)A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.分析：分析句子成分可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词 is应用副词。故填 actually。(四)低频考点：提示词为代词解题攻略所给提示词是代词

31、时，一般考查人称代词变为物主代词。有时需考虑人称代词单数变为复数、主格变为宾格、人称代词变为反身代词等。典例 15(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _68_ (they) alive.分析：因空处作动词 find的宾语，故应填人称代词的宾格形式，即 them。典例 16(2016全国卷)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mo

32、ther.分析：mother 是名词，所填词作定语修饰 mother，故填其形容词性物主代词 its。二、 “无提示词类”解题攻略(一)高频考点之一：填介词解题攻略当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。对介词的考查通常侧重于固定搭配中的介词及常见介词的习惯用法。典例 1(2018全国卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a scientist who studies 分析：search for 是固定搭配，表示“寻找” ，此处指“我”在寻找“我”10animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searchi

33、ng _67_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。故填for。典例 2(2017全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ wor

34、k.分析：travel to and from work 表示“上下班” ，故填 from。 (二)高频考点之二：填冠词解题攻略当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格处修饰序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。典例 3(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.分析：句意：玉米产量在过去 25年里增长了近 12

35、5%，而大米只增长了 7%。特指在过去的 25年里。故填定冠词the。典例 4(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _62_ top of her lungs.分析：固定短语 at the top of“在的顶部” ，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填 the。(三)高频考点之三：填从属关联词解题攻略当空格前后为两个句子，且其中一个句子在另一句中充当某一句子成分时，空格处应填从属关联词。一般情况下，考查的是定语从句的关联词，有时也考查名词性从句或状语从句的关联词。典例 5(20

36、18全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _66_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 分析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a study，并在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。11causes.典例 6(2016全国卷)Over time, _45_ the popula

37、tion grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.分析：根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”或“当时候” ，故填 as/when。(四)低频考点：填并列连词解题攻略当空格前后是同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子时，空格处一般是填并列连词。典例 7(2018全国卷)Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of ric

38、e to improve water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.分析：根据比较级 less可知，此处将玉米和水稻用水量进行比较，需填连词，故填 than。课堂应用体验 A(2018绵阳诊断)For Nigel Portman, a love of travelling began with whats called a “gap year”. In common with many other British teenagers, he chose _1_ (t

39、ake) a year out before settling down to study for his degree.After doing various _2_ (job) to raise some money, he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures, visiting America and Asia.The more adventurous the young person, the _3_ (great) the challenge they are likely to set _4

40、_ (them) for the gap year, and for some, like Nigel, it can result in a thirst for adventure.Now that his university course _5_ (come) to an end, Nigel is just about to leave on a threeyear trip that will take him right around the world.Whats more, he plans to make the whole journey _6_ (use) only m

41、eans of transport which are powered by natural energy.In other words, he will be relying _7_ (main) on bicycles and his own legs; and when theres an ocean to cross, he wont be taking a shortcut (捷径) _8_ flying aboard hell be joining the crew of a sailing ship, instead.As well as doing some mountain

42、climbing along _9_ way, Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he meets the environmental message _10_ lies behind the whole idea.12语篇解读：本文主要讲述了一个大学生利用“间隔年”去旅行，以实际行动倡议环保的故事。1to take 考查非谓语动词。choose to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“选择做某事” ，故用不定式作宾语。2jobs 考查名词复数。job 是可数名词，且根据其前的定语 various可知，此处应用复数形式，表示“各种工作” 。3greater

43、 考查形容词比较级。根据固定句型 the more ., the more .“越，就越”可知，此处用形容词比较级。4themselves 考查代词。喜欢冒险的年轻人很可能给他们自己设置更大的间隔年挑战。此处与 they呼应，故用反身代词作宾语。5has come 考查动词时态。now that是连词，引导状语从句，意为“既然” ，由此可知事情已经发生，应用完成时，且与语境中的 is呼应，故用现在完成时。6using 考查非谓语动词。动词 use和主语 he之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故此处用现在分词短语作伴随状语。7mainly 考查副词。此处修饰谓语 will be relying on，应

44、用副词形式，故填mainly。8by/through 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“以方式/方法” ，与上文中的“only means of transport”呼应，故用介词 by/through。9the 考查冠词。along the way 为固定搭配，意为“在过程中” ，故用定冠词。10that/which 考查定语从句。此处用 that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词 the environmental message。B(2018沈阳质检)China has once again showed its ability to change the world

45、 with its “four great new _1_ (invent)” highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.Chinas newgeneration highspeed train, the Fuxing Hao, is now one of the _2_ (fast) trains in the world, which can travel at a speed of 350 km/h. Besides highspeed rail, China _3_ (improve)

46、 peoples lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made _4_ much more convenient and popular both in China _5_ overseas. The leading Chinese bikesharing companies Mobike and Ofo are now operating in foreign countries such as

47、Singapore and Britain.13And back in China, when riding a shared bike, you can stop _6_ (buy) and eat whatever you want _7_ (simple) with a tap on your phone. You could easily pay with your smartphone by _8_ (scan) the sellers QR code. Cashless payment has grown into a _9_ (choose) for Chinese people

48、 even a pancake seller is using Alipay.As for Alipay, it was designed to serve the online shopping at first, _10_ is now the most ways to make purchases in China. You can buy anything you need without leaving your homes. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国的“新四大发明” 。1inventions 考查名词。前面有 four great new修饰，故用该词对应的名词的复数形式，故填 inventions。2fastest 考查形容词的最高级。根据后面的比较范围 in the world可知，这里应用最高级形式。3has improved 考查动词时态和主谓一致。over the last decade表示“在过去十年” ，常和现在完成时连用；又因为主语是 China，故用 has improved。4it 考查代词。这里 it指代前面的 Bike shari