SAE R-257-2000 DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS AND TESTING (Second Edition To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf

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1、DICTIONARY OF Materials Testing 2nd Edition Joan TomsicDICTIONARY OF MATERIALS AND TESTING SECOND EDITION JOAN L. TOMSIC EDITOR WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY ROBERT S. HODDER MANAGER, METALLURGICAL SERVICES, RETIRED, LATROBE STEEL Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, Pa. Copyright 2000 Society

2、of Automotive Engineers, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-7680-4031-9Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dictionary of materials and testing / Joan L. Tomsic, editor; with contributions by Robert S. Hodder.-2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-7680-0531-0 1. Materials-Dictionaries. 2. Materials-Testing-Dictionarie

3、s. I. Tomsic, Joan L. II. Hodder, Robert S. TA402 .C83 2000 620.1103-dc21 99-089906 Copyright 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Phone: (724)776-4841 Fax: (724)776-5760 E-mail: publicationssae.org http:/www.sae.org ISBN 0-7680-0531-0 Al

4、l rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by SAE for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $

5、.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923. Special requests should be addressed to the SAE Publications Group. 0-7680-0531-0/00-$.50. SAE Order No. R-257PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Rapid advances in the sciences, and especially in the fields of materials and testing

6、, have introduced hundreds of new concepts and the words that gave them currency. It was with a focus on these current concepts and technology that this extensive and scholarly revision was initiated. As part of the expanded coverage provided by this second edition, technical terms from potentially

7、related fields have been included. These, of course, include computer-related language, computer hardware and software technology related to testing instrumentation, and others. The dictionary should prove useful to students, teachers, scientists, and engineers in research and industry. The editor g

8、ratefully thanks Robert S. Hodder, Sr. for his technical review and contributions to this edition of the Dictionary of Materials and Testing. Joan Tomsic Editor iiiPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The Dictionary of Materials and Testing is the first such volume that was specifically developed for engine

9、ers. The emphasis is on “engineered“ materials that can withstand stress or unusual environments for an extended period of time. Testing terms and definitions cover the evaluation of engineering materials properties and characteristics. Also included are terms and definitions for PC hardware and sof

10、tware technology related to testing instrumentation. In total, this entirely new volume has nearly 11,000 engineering terms from the following sources: 1,543 terms and definitions from SAE Standards. 6,411 terms and definitions developed by Engineering Resources, Inc., a leading company in engineeri

11、ng terminology and usage. 2,912 terms and definitions related to PC hardware and software. This volume is designed for the practicing engineer, and those that support them. Students and professors will also appreciate this fully comprehensive dictionary on engineered materials. William H. Cubberly E

12、ditor vHow TO USE THIS DICTIONARY BASIC FORMAT The format for a defined term provides the term in boldface and the definition in regular typeface. A term may have more than one definition, in which case the definition is preceded by a number. These multiple definitions are presented in order of thei

13、r relevance to materials and testing. ALPHABETIZATION The terms are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis. Hyphens, commas, word spacing, etc., in a term are ignored in the sequencing of terms. To aid the user in finding a term, the first and last terms on each page are shown in bold type at the

14、top of the page. viiA a See ampere. A See angstrom. ABA copolymers Copolymers with three sequences and only two domains. A-basis The mechanical property value “A“ is the value above which 99% of the test values is expected to fail. aberration 1. In astronomy, the apparent angular displacement of the

15、 position of a celestial body in the direction of motion of the observer, caused by the combination of the velocity of the observer and the velocity of light. 2. In optics, a specific deviation from perfect imagery, for example, spherical aber- ration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, or disto

16、rtion. abhesive A film or coating that resists adhesion or sticking. ablation 1. The breaking down of material caused by high temperature, pressure, or oxidation. 2. A design loss of surface material to protect an underlying material. ablative materials Materials, especially coating materials, desig

17、ned to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. ablative plastic A material that is designed to absorb heat on the surface that is exposed to high temperature. ABL bottle A pressure test vessel used to determine the quality and properties of filament-wound mat

18、erials. abnormal steel Steel that does not produce test results consistent with what you would expect from its composition and method of manufacture. abort To cut short or break off an action, operation, or procedure with an aircraft, space vehicle, or the like, especially because of equipment failu

19、re, for example, to abort a takeoff, abort a mission, or abort a launch. abrade To prepare a surface by roughening it by sanding or any other means. abrasion 1. Removal of surface material by sliding or rolling contact with hard particles of the same substance or another substance; the particles may

20、 be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the first. 2. A surface blemish caused by roughening or scratching. abrasive 1. Particulate matter, usually having sharp edges or points, that can be used to shape and finish workpieces in grinding, honing, lapping, polishing, blasting, or

21、tumbling processes. 2. A material formed into a solid mass, usually fired or sintered, and used to grind or polish workpieces. ABS See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. absolute accuracy error The deviation of the analog value at any code from its theoretical value after the full-scale range has been

22、 calibrated. Expressed in percent, ppm, or fraction of 1 LSB. 1absolute alarm / absorption absolute alarm An alarm caused by the detection of a variable that has exceeded a set of prescribed high- or low-limit conditions. absolute encoder An electronic or electromechanical device that produces a uni

23、que digital output (in coded form) for each value of an analog or digital input. absolute feedback In numerical control, assignment of a unique value to each possible position of machine slide or actuating member. absolute filter The filter downstream of the unit under test, the purpose of which is

24、to retain the contaminant passed by the unit under test. absolute humidity The weight of water vapor in a gas/water vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. absolute particle retention rating See largest particle passed test. absolu

25、te pressure 1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. absolute programming In numerical control, using a single point of reference for determining all positions and dimensions. absolute rating A theoretical size designat

26、ion which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific rating. absolute sealing A level of sealing that requires all seams, slots, holes, and fasteners passing through the seal plane to be sealed. (All integral fuel tanks require absolute sealin

27、g.) absolute stability Condition of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. absolute value error The magnitude of the error disregarding the algebraic sign, or,

28、for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. absolute viscosity A measure of the internal shear properties of fluids, expressed as the tangential force per unit area at either of two horizontal planes separated by one unit thickness of a given fluid, one of the planes being fixed and the other

29、moving with unit velocity. absolute zero Temperature of 273.16C or 459.69F or 0K at which molecular motion vanishes and a body has no heat energy. absorb To take in or assimilate (for example, sound) with little or none being transmitted or reflected. absorbance An optical property expressed as log

30、(1/T), where T is the transmit- tance. absorbate A material that is absorbed by another. absorbed horsepower Total horsepower absorbed by the absorption unit of the dynamometer and by the frictional components of the dynamometer. absorbed horsepower at 50 mph (80.5 km/h) road lane The dynamometer se

31、tting values for various inertia weight vehicles published in the Federal Register. absorption 1. The penetration of one substance into another. 2. The process whereby energy is expended within a 2absorption band / accelerated life test material in a field of radiant energy. 3. The attraction of a l

32、iquid adhesive film into a substrate. absorption band A region of the electromagnetic spectrum where a given substance exhibits a high absorption coefficient compared to adjacent regions of the spectrum. See also absorption spectra. absorption coefficient An inherent material property expressed as t

33、he fractional loss in radiation intensity per unit mass or per unit thickness determined over an infinitesimal thickness of the given material at a fixed wavelength and band width. absorption curve A graph of the variation of transmitted radiation through a fixed sample of material of a given thickn

34、ess while the wavelength is changed at a uniform rate. absorption dynamometer A device for measuring mechanical force or power by converting the mechanical energy to heat in a friction mechanism or bank of electrical resistors. absorption-emission pyrometer An instrument for determining gas temperat

35、ure by measuring the radiation emitted by a calibrated reference source both before and after the radiation passes through the gas, where it is partly absorbed. absorption factor The ratio of the light absorbed to the incident light. absorption hygrometer An instrument for determining water vapor co

36、ntent of the atmosphere by measuring the amount absorbed by a hygroscopic chemical. absorption meter An instrument for measuring the quantity of light transmitted through a transparent medium by means of a photocell or other light-detecting device. absorption spectra The arrays of absorption lines a

37、nd absorption bands that result from the passage of radiant energy from a continuous source through a selectively absorbing medium cooler than the source. absorption spectroscopy The study of the wavelengths of light absorbed by materials and the relative intensities at which different wavelengths a

38、re absorbed. This technique can be used to identify materials and measure their optical densities. absorption tower A vertical tube in which a gas rising through a falling stream of liquid droplets is partially absorbed by the liquid. absorptive index See absorptivity. absorptivity The capacity of a

39、 material to absorb incident radiant energy, measured as the absorptance of a specimen of material thick enough to be completely opaque, and having an optically smooth surface. AC or a-c See alternating current. Ac1 See transformation temperature. Ac3 See transformation temperature. Ac4 See transfor

40、mation temperature. accelerate To make or become faster; to cause to happen sooner. accelerated life test 1. A life test under test conditions that are more severe than usual operating conditions. In an accelerated life test, it is necessary that a relationship between test severity and the probabil

41、ity distribution of life be ascertainable. 2. Test conditions that are increased in magnitude to reduce the time necessary to attain results. 3. To reproduce in a short time damaging 3accelerating agent / access method effects that could be attained under normal service conditions. accelerating agen

42、t 1. A substance that increases a chemical reaction rate. 2. A chemical that hastens the curing of rubber, plastic, cement, or adhesives, and may also improve their properties. Also known as an accelerator. accelerated aging See artificial aging. accelerating electrode An auxiliary electrode in an e

43、lectron tube that is maintained at an applied potential to accelerate electrons in a beam. acceleration 1. The time rate of change of velocity; the second derivative of a distance function with respect to time. 2. The rate of change of velocity. The act or process of accelerating or the state of bei

44、ng accelerated. acceleration error The maximum difference, at any measurand value within the specified range, between output readings taken with and without the application of specified constant acceleration along specified axes. acceleration factor 1. The factor by which the failure rate can be inc

45、reased by an increased environmental stress. 2. The ratio between the times necessary to obtain the same portion of failure in two equal samples under two different sets of stress conditions, involving the same failure modes and mechanisms. acceleration time 1. The span of time it takes a mechanical

46、 component of a computer to go from rest to running speed. 2. The measurement of time for any object to reach a predetermined speed. accelerator A chemical additive used to hasten a chemical reaction under specific conditions. accelerometer An instrument for measur- ing acceleration or an accelerati

47、ng force such as gravity. acceptable quality level (AQL) The maximum percent defective that can be considered satisfactory as a process average, or the percent defective whose probability of rejections is designated by a. acceptance number The largest number of defects that can occur in an acceptanc

48、e sampling plan with the lot still being accepted. acceptance sampling plan An accept/ reject test whose purpose is to accept or reject a lot of items or material. acceptance test A test to demonstrate the degree of compliance of a device or material with purchasers requirements. acceptance test pro

49、perties Test properties that are required to be included on each certification accompanying the delivered product, for example, tensile, stress rupture, hardness, and metallographic test results. access Pertaining to the ability to place information into, or retrieve information from, a storage device. access control The procedures for providing systematic, unambiguous, orderly, reliable, and generally automatic use of communication lines, channels, and networks for information transfer. accessibility A measure of the relative ease of admission to the various areas of an item f