[考研类试卷]考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷472及答案与解析.doc
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1、考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷 472 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.【C1】_.Very occasiona
2、lly the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and
3、 even of its climate.【C2 】_. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.【C3 】_. There were a
4、lso crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an i
5、nch or two long but some were 2 feet.【C4 】_. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these c
6、an be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.【C5 】_.About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now exti
7、nct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as
8、 fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water,
9、appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.DThe best inde
10、x fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of
11、 the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.FWhen an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably
12、sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression
13、, or simply reduced to a more stable form.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 AThe first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out; consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000
14、 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They
15、 tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative. BRetail sales of food and drink in Europe s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,
16、 with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. CWill such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the f
17、ood and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both
18、 domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. DAll in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logisti
19、cs, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their cu
20、stomer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched
21、 competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed, too. EDespite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined France, Germany, Italy and Spainare made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-a
22、nd-pop grocery stores, which unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they dont eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these busi
23、nesses are known in the trade as “horeca“: hotels, restaurants and cafes. Overall, Europes wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. FFor example, wholesale food and drink sales come
24、to $168 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and c
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