[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷445及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 445 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Just east of downtown Irvine, in southern California, a pastoral landscape is under construction. Little by little, a former military airport is being d

2、ismantled, to be replaced by grass, trees and a canyon 70 feet(21 meters)deep. When it is finished, Orange Countys Great Park will cover 1,350 acres(550 hectares), more than one-and-a-half times as much as Central Park in New York. The biggest landscaped municipal park to be built in more than a cen

3、tury, it reveals much about how American attitudes to open space have changed.Urban parks are back in fashion. New York plans to build a huge park on top of the Fresh Kills landfill in Staten Island. Innumerable town squares and pocket parks have been created or beautified, even in places like Detro

4、it. City planners, who once viewed parks as financial drains and nests of crime, now see them as magnets for tourists and creative types.The great parks that were built in the second half of the 19th century were intended to counteract the ill effects of city living, and so are the new ones. But the

5、 perceived ills have changed. Frederick Olmsted, who designed Central Park and many others, wanted to provide people with a break from their tough, dirty jobs. Ken Smith, the Great Parks architect, reckons the residents of Orange County are quite idle enough. What they need is exercise: hence the pa

6、rks proposed 21 football fields and 12 baseball fields, together with some exhausting-looking walks.Another difference is that parks are now expected to function like natural ecosystems as well as looking like them. The Great Park will use recycled water in its lake(older parks often used mains wate

7、r). The runways will be dismantled and turned into roads and a memorial. In a nod to the local-food movement, the park will include land for farming. Even the car park will be situated in an orange orchard.Most striking of all is the new parks deference to history. Americas great 19th-century landsc

8、ape architects saw the land as a blank slate. An entire village was pulled down to build Central Park. By contrast, Denvers park preserves a control tower, and the Great Park will convert an air-dock into a museum and retain the outline of a runway. A river diverted underground by the marines will b

9、e restored to its former course. The preservation lobby is stronger these days. And besides, says Yehudi Gaffen, a partner in the Great Park project, “Southern California has so little history that we should try to keep some of it.“1 Which of the following statements is true of Orange Countys Great

10、Park?（A）It was formerly a military airport near southern California.（B） Its one-and-a-half times bigger than the Central Park in New York.（C） It shows American attitudes towards nature have changed a lot.（D）It is likely to become the largest landscaped municipal park.2 According to the text, urban p

11、arks are back in fashion because（A）parks on the site of other disused places are being built.（B） city planners have changed their attitudes towards urban parks.（C） more huge parks are planned to be created in some cities.（D）old parks are beautified in order to attract tourists.3 According to Paragra

12、ph 3, Great Park in Orange County was designed to（A）provide exhausted people with relaxation and happiness.（B） offset the impact of the tough and dirty jobs they keep.（C） give residents the place of doing exercise.（D）attract more tourists and promote the living standards.4 The orange orchard is ment

13、ioned in order to tell that the Great Park is likely to（A）be equipped with large car parking areas.（B） maintain the original structure of the old airport.（C） take the appearance and function of a natural ecosystem.（D）deal with any problem of pollution.5 The word “deference“(Line 1, Paragraph 5)most

14、probably means（A）respect.（B） reference.（C） connection.（D）restoration.5 Summer was, for a while, a childs time, conferring an inviolate right to laziness. It was a form of education that had nothing to do with adult priorities, providing entire afternoons to watch exactly how many ants would dash out

15、 of one hill and what they would bring back. The holiness of that kind of summer was first diminished by necessity, when overcrowded classrooms brought us the year-round school calendar. Next, the battle against social promotion forced many an indifferent student into summer schoolwhile the hard-cha

16、rging students willingly packed into summer school as well, to get a leg up on the coming year.Then, as though the world of achievement had some sort of legitimate claim on summer, even schools that maintained the old-fashioned schedule began reaching their tentacles into summer. Some school distric

17、ts start the traditional school year in August, the better to squeeze in a couple of more weeks of instruction before the all-important state standardized tests given in spring. Worse, what used to be recommended summer reading lists are now becoming compulsory assignments. And woe to the ambitious

18、student whos signed up for Advanced Placement classes, and thus a summer-load of note taking and homework.Its not just the schools. As a society, we grow itchy at the sight of someoneeven a kid-accomplishing nothing more than fun. Thus parents have become suckers for anything that lends a constructi

19、ve air to summer. Summer camps used to exist for the purpose of marshmallow roasts and putting frogs in your bunkmates beds. Those still exist, but they compete mightily with the new camps the ones for improving a childs writing style, building math skills, honing soccer stardom, learning a foreign

20、language, building dance talents or finessing skills playing a musical instrument. Even many colleges and universities, such as Johns Hopkins, have climbed on board, mailing out silky brochures about their expensive summer programs for supposedly gifted, or at least financially gifted, students.None

21、 of this activity is required, of course. Unluckily, other societal changes also have pushed back at summer. Children cant get together a pickup game of kickball when their streets are the turf of gangs. And without a shove out the door, todays youngsters are more likely to spend a day clicking away

22、 at video games than swinging in a hammock.Still, it is a decision, however unconsciously made, to view summertime as a commodity to be prudently invested, rather than as a gift to be lavishly spent. There is only one sort of skill we are afraid to nurture in our kidsthe ability to do nothing more c

23、onstructive than make a blade of crabgrass, pressed between our thumbs and blown, blast a reedy note into the summer air.6 From the first paragraph, we learn that（A）summer was always a great time for laziness and freedom.（B） summer time was gradually crammed with various courses.（C） summer education

24、 was especially important for A-list students.（D）summer class was proved to be more helpful to disadvantaged students. 7 Schools considered using summer time most probably because they（A）wanted to help students to make full use of the school calendar.（B） disbelieved that their students would activel

25、y do summer homework.（C） would like to encourage more students to take Advanced Placement tests.（D）thought achievements had something to do with efforts in summertime. 8 The word “itchy“(Line 1, Paragraph 3)denotes（A）comfortless.（B） eager.（C） critical.（D）impulsive.9 In the authors eye, new camps can

26、 be best characterized as（A）artistic.（B） exciting.（C） practical.（D）comforting.10 From the text we can conclude that the author considers that summertime should be（A）a satisfying investment.（B） a precious present.（C） a remarkable experience.（D）a well-planned journey.10 Athletes who cheat by injecting

27、 themselves with stored supplies of their own blood might soon be caught out. A revealing trail of debris could give the game away.Most “blood dopers“ cheat by injecting themselves with the blood-boosting hormone erythropoietin(EPO), but there have been tests to detect EPO since 2000. Another way to

28、 dope blood is to periodically extract some of your own, store it and re-inject it before competitions. Some professional cyclists are alleged to have done this as part of a doping scandal that emerged in Spain in 2006, called Operacion Puerto. At least one cyclist is still fighting to clear his nam

29、e.Re-injecting stored blood boosts the oxygen supply to muscles. The practice has so far eluded detection but now there might be a way catch out the cheats.During storage, red blood cells start to fall apart, generating debris such as the fragments of cell membranes(a cell membrane is the outside en

30、velop of a living cell). Olaf Schumacher of the University of Freiburg in Germany and his colleagues have shown that when stored blood is re-injected, the recipients white blood cells prepare to get rid of this sudden tide of debris. They say that these changes on blood cell debris could betray spor

31、tsmen and make cheats detectable. “Its like someone dumping rubbish in your blood,“ he says. “When all the rubbish comes at once, theres lots of activity.“Schumachers team took blood from six non-athletes, stored it for 35 days then re-infused it, taking further blood samples three and four days aft

32、erwards. When they analyzed the white blood cells in these samples, genes needed for identifying and disposing of ailing and damaged cells were much more active than usual.The gene changes led to the appearance of new proteins on the surface of the white blood cells which could potentially be picked

33、 up by antibodies, Schumacher says. He also suggests that antibodies could be created to detect the changes to the surface of red blood cells as well. Schumacher couldnt say whether such tests would be ready in time for the 2012 Olympics in London. David Cowan, director of the UK Drug Control Centre

34、 at Kings College London, says: “The paper is promising, but more work is needed to establish a test that meets the rigorous standards required by sport so as not to falsely accuse an athlete.“ Schumacher says that one key goal is to make sure these changes only occur due to doping, rather than illn

35、ess, for example.11 The sentence “A revealing trail of debris could give the game away“(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 1)shows that（A）the athletes who cheat will lose the game because of a trail of debris.（B） the athletes who cheat have to give up the game because of a trail of debris.（C） a trail of debris wi

36、ll help catch out the athletes who cheat.（D）a trail of debris will help the athletes avoid the game.12 Which kind of “blood dopers“ is least likely to be detected in the past?（A）People who inject themselves with EPO.（B） People who extract and re-inject some of their own blood.（C） People who took par

37、t in cycling competition in Spain in 2006.（D）People who are careful enough to avoid detection.13 According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the debris?（A）The white blood cells are ready to get rid of it all the time.（B） It is the product of red blood cells during blood storage.（C

38、） It could help sports cheats avoid detection.（D）It is fragments of cell membranes.14 What do we learn about this test from David Cowans comment?（A）The test is promising and could be adopted right away.（B） The test is far from meeting the rigorous standards required by sport.（C） The test needs to be

39、 improved in the hope of not wronging an athlete.（D）The 2012 Olympics in London will adopt such anti-doping test.15 What would be the best title for the text?（A）Blood Cell “Debris“ could Snare Sports Cheats（B） A New Type of Blood Doping（C） Several Measures Taken to Detect Blood Dopers（D）Antibodies a

40、re Created to Detect Blood Dopers15 If they were just another product, the market would work its usual magic-supply would respond to high prices and rise to meet surging demand. But human kidneys are no ordinary commodity. Trading them is banned in most countries. So supply depends largely on the ch

41、arity of individuals. Unsurprisingly, with altruism the only incentive, not enough people offer.Kidneys are the subject of a quietly growing global drama. As people in the rich world live longer and grow fatter, queues for kidneys are lengthening fast: at a rate of 7% a year in America, for example,

42、 where last year 4,039 people died waiting. Doctors are allowing older and more sluggish kidneys to be transplanted. Ailing, rich patients are buying kidneys from the poor and desperate in burgeoning black markets.In the face of all this, most countries are sticking with the worst of all policy opti

43、ons. Governments place the burden on their citizens to volunteer organs. A few European countries, including Spain, manage to push up supply a bit by presuming citizens consent to having their organs transplanted when they die unless they specify otherwise. Whether or not such presumed consent is mo

44、rally right, it does not solve the supply problem, in Spain or elsewhere. On the other hand, if just 0.06% of healthy Americans aged between 19 and 65 parted with one kidney, the country would have no waiting list.The way to encourage this is to legalize the sale of kidneys. Thats what Iran has done

45、. An officially approved patients organization oversees the transactions. Donors get $2,000-4,000. The waiting list has been eliminated. Many people will find the very idea of individuals selling their organs repulsive. Yet an organ market, in body parts of deceased people, already exists. Companies

46、 make millions out of it. It seems perverse, then, to exclude individuals.With proper regulation, a kidney market would be a big improvement on the current, sorry state of affairs. Sellers could be checked for disease and drug use, and cared for after operations. They could, for instance, receive he

47、alth insurance as part of their paymentwhich would be cheap because properly screened donors appear to live longer than the average Joe with two kidneys. Buyers would get better kidneys, faster. Both sellers and buyers would do better than in the illegal market, where much of the money goes to the m

48、iddleman. Instinct often trumps logic. Sometimes thats right. But in this case, the instinct that selling bits of oneself is wrong leads to many premature deaths and much suffering. The logical answer, in this case, is the humane one.16 Why did the market fail to work its usual magic on human kidney

49、s?（A）The theory of demand and supply is not applicable here.（B） Supply did not respond to high prices or meet fast growing demand.（C） Supply of human kidneys depends on charity rather than market.（D）Human kidneys are not such ordinary goods as shoes, clothes, etc.17 The word “burgeoning“(Line 4, Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to（A）competitive.（B） overriding.（C） growing.（D）potential.18 According to the author, policies adopted by most countries are bad in that（A）they actually force citizens to donate organs.（B） the presumed consent is not morally rig