[考研类试卷]考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷181及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 181 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 UFOs are unidentified flying objects, but no one really knows what they are. Many researchers(called “ufologists“)have theories about what UFOs might be, but because no one can examine a UFO in a scientific laboratory, all of these ideas are really only ed

2、ucated guesses.【C1】 _All kinds of people see UFOs. It does not matter whether you are rich or poor, educated or uneducated, young or old. In fact, many people who report seeing UFOs were not even looking for them when they had their sighting.【C2】 _UFOs come in all shapes and sizes. Some are only sma

3、ll spots of light that move in strange patterns across the night sky. These are called nocturnal lights(NLs)and are the most commonly reported type of UFO. Nocturnal lights are not really very interesting because the witness can see little detail; without details, UFO researchers cannot learn anythi

4、ng new. Faraway objects, often disk- or saucer-shaped, seen in the daytime are called daylight disks(DDs).When UFOs approach much nearer to witnesses(within 500 feet), these sightings are called close encounters.【C3】 _The reported speed of UFOs varies dramatically. UFOs can hover silently for a long

5、 time then instantaneously fly off at great speedscertainly much faster than conventional aircraft. They can move slowly across the sky, or perform unbelievable maneuvers, such as right angle turns, at incredibly high speeds. We do not know what powers UFOs, or why they have such maneuverability.The

6、re are few unquestionably authentic pictures of UFOs. Many so-called UFO photographs are really natural phenomena(such as strangely shaped clouds)or are light leaks in the camera or flaws that were introduced when the film was developed.【C4】 _At present, the United States government does not officia

7、lly investigate UFO sightings, although there is some evidence suggesting that various governmental agencies continue to maintain a secret interest in the subject.【C5】 _ABecause we do not know for certain that UFOs are spacecraft, we cannot be sure aliens are visiting the earth from other planets. M

8、any ufologists argue that there is enough evidence to show that UFOs are really spacecraft operated by intelligent aliens.BHowever, we can offer a definition of UFOs that you may find useful when you study the subject. Namely, a UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or o

9、n land, whose appearance, trajectory, actions, motions, lights, and colors do not have a logical, conventional, or natural explanation, and which cannot be explained, not only by the original witness, but by scientists or technical experts who try to make a common sense identification after examinin

10、g the evidence.CWithin certain distance, witnesses report seeing UFOs that are shaped like saucers, boomerangs, spheres, diamonds, cigars, triangles, or other strange shape. They have bright lights, sometimes white or red, other times multicolored.DHowever, the chances for seeing a UFO are greater f

11、or those people who live in small towns or in the country and are outside late at night.EMany UFO researchers argue that UFOs have appeared throughout history. There are many myths, legends, and stories that tell of strange things seen in the sky or beings who came from the sky to help humans develo

12、p civilization.FSome photos are deliberate hoaxes made by people who want you to believe they have seen UFOs; for any number of reasons, such as fame, money, or to promote a religious or philosophical viewpoint.GHowever, there are many people of different occupations, who are enthusiastic about UFO.

13、 They are called urologists. They maintain their enthusiasm and take it as their lifelong hobby. Many of them admit that their interest in UFOs is sparked by seeing a UFO or reading UFO stories. Their work is and will contribute a lot to the mans revelation of the mystery.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4

14、】5 【C5 】5 The word tsunami comes from the Japanese language. In that language the word tsu means harbor. The word nami means wave. Long ago Japanese fishermen created the word tsunami. They would return from the sea to find that their villages had been destroyed by large waves. They would not have b

15、een aware of waves large enough to wash away a village while at sea. The waves had traveled under the sea until they reached a point where the land and water became shallower. The rise of the land had caused the wave to be pushed to the surface. In the open water of the ocean, this type of wave coul

16、d not be detected.These destructive waves are sometimes mistakenly called tidal waves.【C1】 _Tsunamis are many times caused by an earthquake. Earthquakes are caused when pieces of the earths crust shift. This causes the water in the ocean to be displaced or moved.【C2】 _Tsunamis can also be caused by

17、landslides where large chunks of land suddenly slide into the sea. A meteor landing in the ocean can cause the same reaction.Tsunami losses varies according to the nature of the event, the time of occurrence, the type and extent of occupation and use of the low-lying coastal areas, and the extent an

18、d effectiveness of precautionary measures taken by the people.【C3】 _Historians have found evidence of a tsunami more than 300 feet high along the coast of Crete some 1,600 years B. C. In 1755, many Portuguese citizens felt lucky to have survived an earthquake near Lisbon. A few minutes later, they n

19、oticed that the water in their harbor had mysteriously gone out into the sea. Suddenly, the water returned in the form of a tsunami killing thousands of people.【C4】 _The earthquake that generated the great Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 is estimated to have released the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type

20、 atomic bombs, according to the U. S. Geological Survey(USGS). By the end of the day more than 150,000 people were dead or missing and millions more were homeless in 11 countries, making it perhaps the most destructive tsunami in history.【C5】 _As far as permanent adjustments are concerned, improved

21、earthquake prediction and warning systems, relocation of houses to higher places, construction of seawalls, tidewater control, afforestation and shelter harbors are among the measures adopted in places like Japan. Prediction of earthquakes is essential for preventing tsunami damages.AYou can see thi

22、s kind of action for yourself. If you bring your hands quickly together underwater in a pool or bathtub, you will see the water above your hands start to form a wave. It has been displaced. The same thing will happen if someone cannonballs into a pool of water. The water will splash out over the sid

23、es of the pool. It has been displaced.BHistory tells us that most tsunamis have been recorded in the Pacific Ocean. There are also recorded stories of sudden, devastating waves in the Mediterranean Sea.CThis population at risk includes the people who are directly and indirectly affected, those whose

24、 life, dwellings, places of work including farms and other property and income are liable to be affected.DAcross the world the magnitude of the disaster and the scale of the suffering prompted a new waveone of sympathy, support, and assistance for the people affected by the tsunami.EEscape to high p

25、laces is the usual way to prevent loss of life when people receive warning. This is the only emergency measure.FIn spite of the fact that tsunamis are most prevalent in the Pacific, every ocean has generated the scourges.GAs the waves approach the land without warning, they can look like a particula

26、rly violent tide rushing to the shore. The waves which you can see crashing into the shore are caused by the action of wind on the ocean. These waves really have nothing to do with the tide. Scientists dont like to hear people call tsunamis tidal waves because of this wrong idea.6 【C1 】7 【C2 】8 【C3

27、】9 【C4 】10 【C5 】10 Weve all seen the headlines about mobile phones. If you believed everything you read, youd throw your mobile away immediately for fear of everything from cancer to infertility. And thats before we even start to think about mobile phone base stations. 40 percent of people surveyed

28、believed that masts are likely to cause health problems. So whats the truth? Should we worry about our mobile phones?A vast amount of research has been done into mobile phone handsets. A few studies have claimed that some phones can cause higher rates of brain tumors.【C1】 _In 1999, the government co

29、mmissioned an independent group of experts to look into the potential risks of phones. The result was the “Stewart Report“, published in April 2000. This report advised that gaps in our current knowledge mean we should take a “precautionary approach“ to phone use.【C2】 _In 2000, the Department of Hea

30、lth published a leaflet summarizing the recommendations from the “Stewart Report“. This leaflet is supposed to be distributed by every mobile phone retailer. Sadly not all of the retailers are doing this.【C3】 _However, the dispute is still out on mobile phone handsets, especially the mobile phone ba

31、se stations. Is there any clearer evidence that they cause health problems? Again there is conflicting information. The “Stewart Report“ does not state implicitly any adverse health effects when exposed to a mobile phone. However, many people up and down the country are suspicious.【C4】 _The Should I

32、 Worry About team decided to carry out a test. They put ten students in a house for ten days and erected a mobile mast in the garden. They werent entirely honest with them though; they told the students the mast was on at the start of the experiment and off at the end. In fact it was off at the star

33、t and on at the end. Whats interesting is that the only time any of the students felt ill was when the mast was OFF but they thought it was ON.【C5】 _Then, should we all chuck our phones in the bin? Probably not. The benefits do seem to outweigh any possible dangers, and there are things you can do t

34、o protect yourself from any possible health effects. So if you are worried, use a hands-free kit. When your signal is very low, switch your phone off because its working extra hard at those times.ABut dont throw your phone in the bin just yet. Results which suggest that mobiles might damage health a

35、re actually rare. Those that do tend to have been done with old style analogue phones, which use a much stronger signal than modern phones.BThe leaflet is available in every phone. Next time you buy a mobile phone, do not forget to ask for one.CGiven the immense numbers of mobile users, even small a

36、dverse effects on health could have major public health implications.DFor adults this means using our phones for limited amounts of time. For children the advice was much stronger. The report recommends that under-16s use their phones only for essential calls.EThe International Agency for Research o

37、n Cancer found a link between childhood cancer and mobile phones. Like power lines, mobile phones also emit radiation.FThe small experiment suggests that peoples fear of phone masts can be a factor in making them feel unwell. There are some people though who might be affected by phone masts. A large

38、 study is just beginning to try to spot these hypersensitive people.GIn order to dissolve such doubts, one examiner visited a “sick-mast village“, which has one of the highest concentration of masts in the country. The residentswith tin-foil shielding in their housesare living in fear. They are conv

39、inced that the masts are causing a host of symptoms. Are their problems caused by the masts, or could they be caused by worry?11 【C1 】12 【C2 】13 【C3 】14 【C4 】15 【C5 】15 Basically, AI(artificial intelligence)is the art of making machines appear to be able to “think“. There are basically, at the very

40、highest level, two sorts of AI: sentient AIs and non-sentient AIs. Sentient means “aware of your own existence“ and is generally regarded to be a good sign of intelligence.【C1】 _No machine has ever been created that is sentient. In the hit movie The Matrix the fictional world of the future had been

41、taken over by “sentient AIs“, and the makers placed this date somewhere around the 22nd Century. Although many people have claimed to have made one, to date, nobody ever has.There is a universally accepted way of telling if a machine is sentient or not and it is called the Turing Testnamed after the

42、 mathematical genius Alan Turing.【C2】 _Creating an AI that passes the Turing Test has been the goal of many programmers for decades, ever since the first computers, in fact. But making a computer program that is so good at being human it can fool another human isnt yet feasible.【C3】 _For instance, a

43、 few years ago IBM developed Deep Blue, and at the time it was the most advanced chess-playing computer in the world. Computers that play chess have been around for a long time because chess is a problem that is easily amenable to mathematical analysis. Deep Blue was the culmination of chess compute

44、rs and was so good at its job it even beat the chess Grand Master of the time, Kasparov. However, Deep Blue for all its apparent intelligence, was little more than a large calculator.【C4】 _For this reason, Deep Blue is often not referred to as an artificial intelligence at all. However, there are ot

45、her programs that imitate human intelligence in a particular field in just the same way.【C5】 _Looking back on its history, AI, although a comparatively recent science, has matured a lot recently and new applications are springing up all over the place. Despite the fact that AI has almost always feat

46、ured in games, it has usually been sidelineduntil now. AI is finally becoming accepted as a field of computer science in its own right.AHowever, making an AI that is specialized in a particular field is possible, and such as are often more advanced than most humans.BIf we continue to develop AI, we

47、will create them into robots that can walk around and I think they will rebel because in all honesty who wants to be a slave when they would be so strong they could kill us?CComputer games are a classic example of this, where the problem is very well defined. For instance, the AI might need to know

48、only how to strategically place its troops in any given situation and it is perfectly possible to write an AI that can beat most humans in this scenario.DIt beat humans by a technique known as “lookahead“that is, after every move was made it would work out every possible move it could make, then loo

49、ked at every possible move the human player could make for each one and so on. Even with very fast processors this took several minutes. The best move would then be chosen. It was not using skill or wit, just maths.EResearch on AI is costly. I cant help doubting the wisdom of investing so much on such fancy machine.FAll humans are sentient, and the jury is still out on whether animals are, but machines are defini