ITU-T SERIES L SUPP 5-2014 Life-cycle management of ICT goods (Study Group 5)《信息和通信技术产品的生命周期管理(研究组5)》.pdf

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1、 figure I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series L TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 5 (12/2014) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Life-cycle management of ICT goods ITU

2、-T L-series Recommendations Supplement 5 L series Supplement 5 (12/2014) i Supplement 5 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations Life-cycle management of ICT goods Summary Supplement ITU-T L.Suppl.5 has been developed to provide information for the practical implementation of the life-cycle approach in com

3、panies, facilities and plants as well as distributors, including chapters on best practices with a specific focus on material usage and selection. The information on facilities and the different stakeholders includes: ICT product design issues, supplementing international standard IEC 62430 on envir

4、onmentally-conscious design for electrical and electronic products, with a focus on practical implementation; ICT life-cycle approach to address health, environment and socio-economic aspects including avoiding hazardous emissions from uncontrolled disassembly, burning or disposal of e-waste, occupa

5、tional health and involvement of the informal sector; reduction of the end of life impact through technical guidance applicable to refurbishment and repair facilities; reuse and end of life management; marketing of used ICT goods, including risk prevention, minimization measures and eco-environmenta

6、lly sound processing; donation of ICT goods, including quality control for donated equipment, technical support in the country of destination, following international procedures on transparency and documentation of contracts, notifications and consent prior to delivery; management of equipment and c

7、omponents destined for reuse. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L Suppl. 5 2014-12-19 5 11.1002/1000/12433 Keywords Information and communication technology and climate change (ICT separating equipment to be assessed for reuse from waste to prevent contaminatio

8、n or damage of the reusable equipment; pack heavier items so that they do not move or fall on and damage lighter items; avoiding leakage from used printer toner; uninterrupted power supplies (UPS) may contain residual electrical charge and other batteries at risk for unintentional discharge or leaka

9、ge; secure loads from unauthorized access to avoid confidential data being lost. 8.1.1 Collection systems ICT goods should not be deposited into regular household waste, which would result in the equipment being disposed of in landfill or incinerated. ICT goods should be collected separately by the

10、municipal waste collection system or an alternative waste collection system and Telecom operators and distributors can make a proportional contribution to raise users awareness by informing and educating customers about potential eco-environmental impacts of equipment and to ensure that new and used

11、 ICT goods and accessories are responsibly managed throughout their life cycle. As reuse or recycling value may drop quickly, users should be encouraged to avoid storing or setting aside unneeded ICT goods and to deliver them promptly to a collection system. However, if a collection system is not av

12、ailable or the collection point is not convenient, a user should hold the ICT goods in storage until the next opportunity arises to deliver it to a collection point. A used ICT goods collection system should have collection points conveniently located for users so that they can bring their ICT equip

13、ment to such collection points. In addition, the collection system should be free of charge for users. Collection of used ICT equipment through distribution channels (e.g., telecom operators, retailers or manufacturers) should be a key element of the collection system. Other collection methods may a

14、lso be considered. In the case of collection by mail, postage may also be paid by the collection system, especially where a large number of used ICT equipment are being sent in a shipping package. Collection systems for used ICT equipment should be accountable in a way that is practical and transpar

15、ent to audit. This may require keeping a written record of the actual number of used mobile phones received, currently in storage, and shipped. Information about the reuse, recycling and final disposal of used ICT equipment and accessories is usually obtained directly from recycling and refurbishmen

16、t companies. 8.1.2 Organization of collection points Collection points must be an initial part of the collection system, which should also include appropriate facilities where evaluation and/or testing and labeling can be carried out to decide whether used ICT equipment destined for reuse are in wor

17、king order and can be directly reused, or require repair, refurbishment or upgrading prior to reuse, or are to be sent for eco-environmentally sound material recovery and recycling. In addition to collection points for consumers, it is important to consider collection from the repair sector, both fo

18、rmal and informal, to ensure that parts and ICT goods scrap do not end up in landfills. Such collection schemes could be undertaken by paying a price per kilogram of scrap collected and is likely to be funded from recoverable commodities. L series Supplement 5 (12/2014) 9 Depending on the capacity a

19、vailable in particular countries and the logistics involved in managing used ICT equipment, the separate collection of used ICT equipment is recommended in order to preserve the working characteristics and resale value of those collected. A collection point should ensure the security of the ICT good

20、s collected. Where the collection point conducts a preliminary evaluation of potential for reuse, appropriate packaging material should be used to separate used ICT equipment from each another while in storage and during transportation to protect them from damage and to preserve their operational ca

21、pability and market value for possible reuse. The type of material would depend on the availability of space at the point of sale. Authorities should develop operating conditions and requirements that are uniquely applicable to used ICT goods collection systems, balancing any risks to human health a

22、nd the environment against any perceived need for oversight and accountability. 8.1.3 Handling at the collection points After preliminary evaluation, used ICT equipment which are destined for reuse should be packaged in such a way as to protect their integrity. Whenever possible, used ICT equipment

23、should be collected with their batteries, chargers and accessories. However, it should be noted that in some markets, phones, batteries and other accessories may be returned separately. It should be assumed that every battery retains some degree of electrical charge. If the batteries are removed, th

24、ey should be packaged in such a way as to avoid contact with their terminals, to avoid short-circuits and fires. Batteries should be sent only to facilities that are specially qualified to recycle or process batteries for materials recovery, and should be protected against extremes of temperature. C

25、are should be taken to ensure that the transportation of batteries complies with all applicable regulations or courier requirements, i.e., IATA regulations for the handling of lithium metal and lithium-ion batteries. The collected used ICT equipment should be sent only to eco-environmentally sound f

26、acilities, having the relevant agreements for such activities, whether for intermediate accumulation, refurbishment and repair or for materials recovery and recycling. 8.1.4 Incentives for setting up collection systems Consideration should be given to providing incentives to users to participate in

27、a used ICT goods collection system. Sellers of new ICT equipment should consider offering appropriate incentives for the collection of used ICT equipment when needed. Discounts on the purchase of new phones, free air time and free SMS are some of the possible incentives to be considered. Manufacture

28、rs, telecom operators and ICT equipment ICT goods distributors should consider the possibility of sharing, as part of extended producer responsibility (EPR) systems, the physical and/or financial obligations entailed by the collection and management of used ICT equipment. This is particularly necess

29、ary and should be implemented as soon as possible in countries where the legislation and infrastructure for the collection of used ICT equipment is lacking. Any financial mechanism established to hold and manage money collected either as a pre paid fee, advanced recycling fee (ARF), advanced disposa

30、l fee (ADF) or as a refundable deposit should be transparent to all concerned persons, including governments and the public. If a direct and transparent fee is charged to the original buyer of an ICT equipment / ICT goods and the used ICT equipment / ICT goods is are exported for reuse, it may be ne

31、cessary for some portion of that fee to follow the used ICT equipment / ICT goods to an importing country to provide for its eco-environmentally sound management there at the end of its life. 10 L series Supplement 5 (12/2014) 8.1.5 Optimizing capture of WEEE by existing collection points To reduce

32、theft in waste disposal facilities it is first of all to pursue financial operational measures (video surveillance / closed-circuit television systems, WEEE tracking, etc.). A complementary action plan concerns the frequency of removal of WEEE in some big cities where collection rates are particular

33、ly low in waste disposal. a) Improving the sorting of WEEE in waste collection facilities: Beyond greater awareness of guards and employees in Waste collection facilities, a more precise characterization of scrap bins could be an interesting line of action to limit the impacts of errors in sorting w

34、aste disposal. b) Reduce the “leaks“ in distributors collection channel: The introduction of a computerized system for better tracking WEEE stream taken in store, and especially delivery since they are dealing with the largest volumes, would better track the flows involved. Faced with the rise of “p

35、ure players“ among the distribution channels, it is necessary to ensure that they meet their obligation to return “one to one“, with the implementation of effective solutions for the recovery, whether the delivery or recovery of small appliances (free postal return, etc.). c) Improve the WEEE sortin

36、g in households: Finally, a significant part of the deposit still remains poorly sorted by households. This mainly small WEEE are sometimes discarded with household waste. These quantities can certainly be further reduced through awareness and education of households to new practices (to be effectiv

37、e, communication must be based on specificity of the collection scheme). 8.2 Reuse 8.2.1 Processing and management of equipment and components destined for re-use This section addresses the environmentally sound management of ICT equipment ICT goods that are accepted by a refurbishment organization

38、for refurbishment and/or repair. The best possible outcome for any device accepted by a refurbisher is for that equipment to be reused either as designed or purposed. Recent advances in computer operating system (OS) software require significantly less “computing power“ than previous OSs. If computi

39、ng equipment is not appropriate for general use it may have another life as a single task system, such as a print server or file server, or be completely repurposed for a task such as monitoring the electrical grid. The physical life of the equipment is significantly longer than that of software. Ca

40、re should be taken to differentiate between software problems (that are typically correctable) and hardware issues (that require greater expertise to correct). When used ICT goods are refurbished or repaired, any hazardous substances, or parts containing hazardous substances that are being replaced,

41、 consideration should be given to replace them with readily available parts containing benign substitutes (nonhazardous) and in line with national legislations, and regional and international conventions prescribing phase out strategies. Discarded or broken parts and hazardous materials should be ha

42、ndled as described in clause 8.4. L series Supplement 5 (12/2014) 11 8.2.2 Testing of equipment and components (hardware) prior to reuse to ensure full functionality a) Used ICT equipment Facilities should undertake an initial sorting of ICT equipment and components in order to identify and separate

43、 that which has potential for reuse as a whole or for re-use of parts, from equipment that should be recycled. Refurbishment facilities should accept only equipment that they are prepared to reuse/refurbish or send to an eco-environmentally sound material recovery operation. Personnel must be traine

44、d to handle equipment that can be fully processed. The following functionality tests are proposed for used ICT equipment to confirm that the equipment is fully functional and is suitable for re-use (see Figure 5). Figure 5 Flow diagram of environmentally sound management of used computing equipment

45、b-PACEtrr b) Batteries It is important to note that there are a wide variety of battery sizes, capacities and technologies currently in use in computing equipment, although almost all new laptop batteries are of lithium-ion type with some older laptops based on nickel metal hydride or occasionally n

46、ickel cadmium (Ni Cd). While this section is concerned with the assessment of laptop batteries, it is worth noting that there are also other multiple uses for batteries in computing equipment, such as small button cell batteries that are attached to circuit boards, and additional batteries that are

47、used in devices such as wireless keyboards and mice. There are also battery back-up systems in use in some countries to provide an uninterrupted power supply, and which provide emergency power to desktop computers when the principal power source fails. In contrast to the batteries used in the actual

48、 computing equipment, these electricity supply back-up system batteries are typically lead-acid. A used laptop batterys current charge capacity relative to its original capacity can provide important information for the user or refurbisher because over time, the capacity of a battery to hold charge

49、deteriorates. A batterys current capacity can be measured as a percentage of the amount of charge the battery was able to hold when new. See Appendix V for more details on battery re-use. 8.2.3 Final testing Final testing should be conducted by the refurbisher after the computing equipment has been refurbished or repaired to full functionality and is ready for reuse, and prior to sale, donation or export for reuse. Final testing of computing equipment and newly installed software should ensure the device 12 L series Supplement 5 (12/2014) and softwar