ISA CONTROL VALVES-1998 Control Valves Practical Guides for Measurement and Control.pdf
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1、ControlValvesGuy Borden, EditorPractical Guidesfor Measurement and ControlCopyright 1998 Instrument Society of America67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, NC 27709All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.1098765432ISBN 1-55617-636-8No part of this work may be r
2、eproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataControl valves / Guy Borden, editor ; Paul Friedm
3、ann, style editor.p. cm. - (Practical guide series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55617-565-5 1. Automatic control. 2. Control valves. I. Borden, Guy.II. Series. III. Series : Practical guides for measurement and control.TJ223.V3C67 1998621.84-dc21 98-14192CIPiiiAbout This Se
4、riesThis volume is part of the Practical Guide Series developed and published by the ISA, the International Society for Measurement and Control.The Practical Guides were conceived because of a shortage of published material in the field of measurement and control that bridges the gap between theory
5、and actual industrial practice. Many books in the field have catered to the needs of technical students, who need to be oriented to basic control theory and concepts, or college-level readers, who are interested in engineering mainly from a classroom perspective. There are handbooks for practicing e
6、ngineers that cover measurement and control, but these handbooks often devote only a chapter or two to topics that merit more attention. Within the Practical Guides Series, separate volumes address each of the important topics and give them comprehensive, book-length treatments. Each book in the ser
7、ies can be understood and used by technical students, sales engineers, sales personnel, and managers, and relied upon by those who have “real-live” industrial concerns such as correct application, safety, installation, and maintenance.Another unique feature of the Practical Guides is the stress plac
8、ed on the actual experience of measurement and control practitioners. The Practical Guides are overseen by various Volume Editors and a Series Technical Editor, who have extensive experience in measurement and control. The Volume Editors have been selected for their specific expertise in the volume
9、topics, and bring together numerous Contributing Writers with even more specialized knowledge.The Series Technical Editor, who is responsible for general technical consistency within each volume and across all volumes, helps guide the Volume Editors.The Practical Guides capture the hard-earned exper
10、ience of the writers and, by employing examples and recording anecdotal observations, make that experience as applicable for the reader as possible. Case studies, either hypothetical or based on real case histories, are used to illustrate typical situations and show how good planning and practical a
11、pplications made the difference between success and failure. Some of this information has never been documented before.This volume is designed to be at home in a library, in a classroom, or on the plant floor. The comfortable reading style, large pages, and frequent illustrations will contribute to
12、ease of use. The page design uses graphics to “call out” some of the major points of the text, such as crucial safety checks and important examples. Each Practical Guide gathers widely scattered information in a single text, with bibliographies directing the reader to other sources.AcknowledgmentsTh
13、e editors gratefully acknowledge the initial work of Parrish Hirasaki in recruiting many of the initial authors for this volume. Appreciation is also given to Linda Wolffe for support provided during this project. Of course, this volume could not have been completed without the generous contribution
14、s of its authors. For their many contributions, our heartfelt thanks!viiTable of ContentsAbout This Series iiiAcknowledgments vPreface xiiiAbout the Volume Editors xvContributors xviiChapter 1 Introduction to Control Valves 1References 12Chapter 2 The History of Control Valves 15Acknowledgement 23Re
15、ferences 23Chapter 3 Terminology 25Part One: Control Valving Terminology Not Included in ISA Standard 25Part Two: ANSI/ISA S75.05 “Control Valve Terminology” 28References 72Chapter 4 Valve Bodies 73Globe-Style Bodies 73Rotary Valves 82Special-Purpose Valves 91References 92Chapter 5 Control Valve Act
16、uators 93Signals and Power Sources 93Basic Styles 94Motion Conversion 100Linear-to-Rotary Torque/Travel Relationships 100Power Failure Modes 101Actuator/Valve Sizing Factors 101Table of ContentsviiiActuator Accessories 101References 103Chapter 6 Sizing 105Required Calculations 105ANSI/ISA S75.01 Sta
17、ndard “Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves” 112References 162Chapter 7 Cavitation and Flashing 163Cavitation Fundamentals 164Cavitation in Valves 170Testing 178Cavitation Applications for Control Valves 183Special Fluid Considerations 208Flashing 211Nomenclature and Glossary 216References 220Ch
18、apter 8 Control Valve Noise 223Introduction 223Valve Noise Sources 227Valve Noise Prediction 233User Caveat 235Valve Noise Categories 236Possible Solutions 237Conclusion 266References 266Chapter 9 Control Valve Trim 269Selection of Valve Trim Material 269Characterizing of Valve Plugs or Cage Ports 2
19、71Seat Leakage 273Soft Seat Trim Design 278Seating of Rotary Valves 283Low Flow Trim 285Trim for Abrasive-Erosive Service 288Plug Guiding 294Dynamic Torque of Rotary Valves 301Bistable Flow and Plug Instability 308Elastomeric Trim 310References 310Chapter 10 Control Valve Features 313Process Conditi
20、ons that Influence Valve Design 314Piping End Loadings that Influence Valve End Connection Design 315Valve End Connection Concerns 316Valve End Connection Types 317Table of ContentsixBonnets 327Fluid Solidification Protection 333Freeze Protection (Cryogenic Service) 335High Temperature Protection 33
21、6Valve Stem Sealing Features 337Valve Packing 337Live Loading 345Flow Straightening Devices 347Traps, Strainers and Filters 347Hydraulic Snubbers 350Valve Features to Reduce Noise 352Fire Safe Treatment 356Fire Safe Pneumatic Actuators with Fusible Elements 357Evaluating the Need for Bypass and Bloc
22、k Valves 358Valve Bypasses 359Chapter 11 Materials for Control Valves 363Material Properties 363Environmental Considerations 365Materials of Construction 380Materials for Pressure Retaining Parts 382Coatings 391Trim Material Selection 393Valve Packing 401Gaskets 403Sealants 405Paint and External Coa
23、tings 406Trademarks 408References 408Chapter 12 Control Valve Applications 411The Application Categories 412Valves in Parallel 423Valves in Series 432Frequent Application Problems 434References 446Chapter 13 Safety 449Automated Valve Selection 449On-Off Valves 449Materials of Construction 450Valve P
24、iping 451Valve and Actuator Sizing and Selection 452Valve Positioners, Transducers, Position Transmitters, and Accessories 453Valve Failure Modes 456Other Safety Considerations 458References 458Table of ContentsxChapter 14 Control Valve Selection 459Safety 461Process Containment 464Valve Performance
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