IESNA RP-28-2016 Lighting and the Visual Environment for Seniors and the Low Vision Population.pdf

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1、ANSI/IES RP-28-16Lighting and the Visual Environment for Seniors and the Low Vision PopulationANSI/IES RP-28-16Lighting and the Visual Environment for Seniors and the Low Vision Population Publication of this Standardhas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepare

2、d by:The IES Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted CommitteeANSI/IES RP-28-16Copyright 2016 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved as an American National Standard October 11, 2016.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, August 5, 2016, as a Transaction of the Illumi

3、nating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street

4、, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Brian Liebel, Technical Director of Standards,

5、at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-337-9DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American Natio.nal Stand

6、ards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guara

7、nty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the pub

8、lication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Any

9、one using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the

10、contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the require-ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility

11、 of the certifier or maker of the statementANSI/IES RP-28-16AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDApproval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, i

12、n the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, sub-stantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, an

13、d that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standards or not, from manu-facturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, pro

14、cesses, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstanc-es give an interpretation to any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue and interpretation of an A

15、merican National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised at any time. The pro

16、-cedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the A

17、merican National Standards InstitutePrepared by the IES Lighting for the Elderly and Partially Sighted CommitteeR. Dupuy, ChairmanA. Hegde, SecretarySpecial thanks to Barbara Hamilton for her work on Section 4: Light Sources; and Kenneth J. Cuiffreda for his work on Section 2 regarding the topic of

18、Traumatic Brain Injury.Cover image courtesy of RLPS ArchitectsB. BarkerB. BrawleyD. Burnett*G. Cook*D. CrawfordL. Davis*P. DeeS. D. FisherA. Foust*K. GayleD. GeymanK. GonzalesM. B. Gotti*G. GuarnacciaR. HadleyJ. HalloinA. KellerN. MillerE. Noell-WaggonerC. Oty*C. Parnell*K. Raidy*B. Rao*A. ReyesJ. R

19、obertsL. SanfordD. StaatsC. Stockwell*N. WaffL. Weinstein*D. Wilburn* Advisory MembersANSI/IES RP-28-16ANSI/IES RP-28-16Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you purchase this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContents1.0 Introduction 12.0 Quality

20、 and Quantity of Lighting for Vision 42.1 Source-Dependent Factors .52.1.1 Illuminance 52.1.2 Lighting Controls .52.1.3 Contrast and Light Reflectance 52.1.4 Glare.52.1.4.1 Disability Glare 62.1.4.2 Discomfort Glare .7 2.1.5 Flicker72.1.6 Spectral Power Distribution .82.2 View Dependent Factors .92.

21、2.1 Eye Diseases 92.2.1.1 Presbyopia .92.2.1.2 Pupillary Miosis 92.2.1.3 Cataracts (Lens Opacification) 92.2.1.4 Retinal Detachment 92.2.1.5 Glaucoma 92.2.1.6 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) 92.2.1.7 Diabetic Retinopathy.102.2.2 Age Related Changes 102.2.2.1 Adaptation.102.2.2.2 Scatter102.2.

22、2.3 Retinal Image Integrity Cataracts .102.2.2.4 Neural integrity .112.2.2.5 Contrast sensitivity 112.2.3 Traumatic Brain Injury 112.2.3.1 Traumatic Brain Injury Causes .112.2.3.2 Photosensitivity in Traumatic Brain Injury.122.2.3.3 Treatment in Those with Traumatic Brain Injury and Photosensitivity

23、 .122.3 Considerations to Improve Visibility.122.3.1 Luminance .122.3.2 Lighting the Task 132.3.3 Shadows and Modeling of Faces132.3.4 Safety Accents 142.3.5 Luminaire Placement .142.3.6 Veiling Luminance .143.0 Design Guide 153.1 Design Issues Common to all Space Types.153.1.1 Appearance of the Spa

24、ce and Surface Characteristics .153.1.2 Color153.1.2.1 Hue 153.1.2.2 Saturation (Intensity).153.1.2.3 Value (Luminance) 153.1.2.4 Value Contrast16ANSI/IES RP-28-163.1.3 Sheen, Texture and Pattern 163.1.3.1 Surface Sheen or Gloss 163.1.3.2 Texture .173.1.3.3 Patterns.173.1.4 Appearance of Luminaires

25、.173.1.5 Daylighting Integration and Control 183.1.6 Light Distribution on Surfaces 183.1.7 Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity) .183.1.8 Luminances of Room Surfaces .193.1.9 Furniture and Free-Standing Objects.193.1.10 Special Considerations for Memory Impairment 203.2 Considerations by Ar

26、ea .203.2.1 Site .203.2.2 Parking Lot, Parking Garage .203.2.3 Exterior Walkways .203.2.4 Plazas, Porches, Gardens .213.2.5 Exterior Ramps and Stairs .223.2.6 Exterior Furniture, Bus Shelters and Other Obstacles223.2.7 Outdoor Signage 233.3 Transition Spaces between Exterior and Interior Spaces253.3

27、.1 Canopies 253.3.2 Exterior Entry Doors253.3.3 Vestibules (Interior Entrance, Night and Day) 253.3.4 Circulation Areas 263.3.5 Lobbies273.3.6 Atria 273.4 Interior Common Spaces 283.4.1 Lighting Considerations for Means of Egress Areas such as Stairs and Corridors283.4.2 Stairs, Escalators, Elevator

28、s .293.4.3 Corridors and Hallways .293.4.4 Public Restrooms 323.4.5 Directional and Indoor Signs and Bulletin Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5 Commercial Spaces 343.5.1 Offices 343.5.2 Assembly and Conference Rooms.353.5.3 Theaters, Galleries and Museums .35

29、3.5.4 Public Speaking or Performances .353.5.5 Medical Facilities 363.5.6 Fitness Clubs, Exercise Areas and Physical Therapy 373.5.7 Dining and Food Service 383.5.8 Libraries .393.6 Lodging and Residential Spaces403.6.1 Modifications to Existing Residences.403.6.2 Porches, Exterior Steps and Garages

30、 423.6.3 Limited Daylight in Spaces.433.6.4 Indoor Apartment Entries 443.6.5 Living Rooms (Including Conversation Areas) 453.6.6 Private Dining Areas463.6.7 Kitchens .463.6.8 Bedrooms 47ANSI/IES RP-28-163.6.9 Bathrooms .483.6.10 Game and Activity Rooms .503.6.10.1 Billiard and Pool Tables513.6.10.2

31、Ping Pong Tables 513.6.10.3 Card Game and Board Game Areas513.6.11 Hobby Spaces with Motorized Equipment .513.6.12 Special Eyewear and Large-Print Media 513.7 Senior Care Facilities .523.7.1 Meeting the Needs of the Oldest Adults 523.7.2 Special Needs of Those with Alzheimers Disease and Dementia 53

32、3.8 Visually Based Work and Classroom Accommodations for Those with Traumatic Brain Injury and Photosensitivity 534.0 Light Sources544.1 Introduction .544.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics 544.2.1 Light Output from a Light Source544.2.2 Power and Energy .554.2.3 Luminous Efficacy and Lu

33、men Maintenance .554.2.4 Lamp Life 564.2.5 Controllability of Light Sources564.2.6 Color of Light Sources 574.2.7 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT).574.2.8 Color Rendering Index (CRI) .574.3 Choosing Light Source Color 584.4 Light Sources Selection .594.4.1 Incandescent and Halogen 594.4.2 Compact

34、Fluorescent (CFL)594.4.3 Linear Fluorescent .604.4.4 Linear Lamp Types.614.4.5 Circular Fluorescent 614.4.6 Solid State Lighting (SSL), Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) 614.4.7 LED Replacement Lamps .624.4.8 LED Luminaires .634.4.8.1 Comparing LED and Conventional-Lamp Luminaire Performance664.4.9 High I

35、ntensity Discharge (HID)664.5 Labeling .664.5.1 Energy Star 664.5.2 Lighting Facts labeling 664.5.3 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Lighting Facts Label 664.5.4 Department of Energy (DOE) LED Lighting Facts Label 675.0 Daylight.685.1 Advantages of Daylighting.685.2 Daylight Availability 705.3 Underst

36、anding Daylight Distribution 705.3.1 Top-Lighting 715.3.2 Side-Lighting .715.4 Daylighting Analysis Methods735.5 Guidelines for Good Daylighting Design .73ANSI/IES RP-28-166.0 Light for Health 756.1 Circadian System 766.2 Sleep Disturbances in the Aging Population 776.3 Seasonal Depression, or Seaso

37、nal Affective Disorder (SAD) 776.4 Hazards of Light Therapy786.5 Vitamin D3 787.0 Lighting Controls .807.1 Introduction .807.2 Code Requirements 807.3 Lighting Control Technologies and Considerations 817.3.1 Occupancy Sensors 817.3.2 Vacancy Sensors 837.3.3 Photocells, Photocell Sensors, Photosensor

38、s 837.3.4 Dimmers .837.3.5 Programmable Controls .847.3.6 Automated Shading Controls .847.4 Area-Specific Control Strategies for Senior Care Facilities .857.4.1 Staff-Only Areas .857.4.2 Resident Rooms.857.4.3 Common Bathing Areas .867.4.4 Common Restrooms .867.4.5 Corridors, Stairs or Common Interv

39、ening Spaces (Resident Areas) .867.4.6 Common Resident Dining Rooms, Living Rooms, and Activity Areas 867.4.7 Entry Areas.867.4.8 Exterior Walkways and Parking .867.4.9 Parking Garage .867.5 Notes and Considerations .87References 87Annex A Contrast Calculation .95Annex B Disability Glare .96Annex C

40、Pre-Retinal Scatter 97Annex D Lighting Terms.1001ANSI/IES RP-28-161.0 INTRODUCTIONThis update of ANSI/IES RP-28-07 American National Standard for Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living includes major additions centered on the aging population and those with low vision. Seniors represe

41、nt the fastest growing segment of the population with over 40 million Americans over 65.1With over 10,000 Baby Boomers turning 65 everyday, ANSI/IES RP-28-07 has been expanded to include areas beyond housing and senior care facilities. New areas of interest are offices, hospital-ity, healthcare, com

42、mercial and places of assembly. The over 40 population represents approximately 89 million people and of those 63 percent have vision problems.2However, there is a prevalence of low vision in the general senior population which increases dramatically after the age of 70 (Figure 1).Figure 1: 2010 U.S

43、. Age-Specific Prevalence Rates for Low Vision by Age, and Race/Ethnicity (NEI National Eye Institute Low Vision 2010)Low Vision is defined as vision impairment that is worse than 20/60 in the better eye, which cannot be correctable medically, surgically or with conventional eye glasses.3People rely

44、 on a supportive visual environment to maximize their independence and safety. Whereas people with mobility impairments are easily identified by their use of assistive devices, i.e., wheelchairs, canes or walkers, persons with low vision do not typically use assistive devices or trail-ing techniques

45、. Sensory loss is common to the aging process; however, perception problems are not eas-ily recognized by others.As the work force ages the need for lighting guidance becomes more of a concern. It seems clear that the Baby Boomer generation (born in the years 1946 through 1964) will see aging very d

46、ifferently from their parents. They will take their current life styles and modify them slightly but will expect to continue contrib-uting to society and be visible in day-to-day life. This group will represent more than one in four Americans.Also note that according to the World Health Organization

47、, the entire world, with a few excep-tions, is aging, and governments are not prepared for the growth of seniors or how to care for them. A brief search of several industrialized countries determined that there are few regulations addressing senior vision and lighting needs and prior editions of ANS

48、I/IES RP-28-16 have been reported to be the document of choice by designers when seeking guidance in how to provide adequate light in senior communities.The IES Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted Committee has worked to make this current Recommended Practice document inclusive of cur-rent r

49、esearch and design practice for the above population to help them maintain a quality of life into their third age. Loss of independence has been identified as the greatest fear of aging, so todays senior will be looking for answers to maximize their aging vision.Current codes and standards are based on the needs of younger people. Steps have already been taken to begin the transition to recognizing the needs of older people. Of major importance to achieving higher lighting levels while still complying with ener-gy restraints is the adoption of ASHRAE/IES 90.1 -2013. Work by this c