EN 1177-2008 en Impact attenuating playground surfacing - Determination of critical fall height《减震游乐场铺面 临界跌落高度的测定》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 1177:2008Impact attenuating playground surfacing Determination of critical fall heightICS 97.200.40g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g4

2、4g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 1177:2008This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2008 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 55368 4National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1177:2008. It supersedes BS EN 1177:1998,

3、which will be withdrawn on 31 May 2009. The UK committee considers it essential that BS EN 1177 should be used in conjunction with BS 7188 so that other properties of abrasive wear, resistance to indentation and ease of ignition are still measured.The UK participation in its preparation was entruste

4、d to Technical Committee SW/65, Childrens playground equipment.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

5、Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1177May 2008ICS 97.200.40 Supersedes EN 1177:1997 English VersionImpact attenuating playground surfacing - Det

6、ermination ofcritical fall heightSols daires de jeux absorbant limpact - Dtermination dela hauteur de chute critiqueStodmpfende Spielplatzbden - Bestimmung derkritischen FallhheThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 April 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal R

7、egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This

8、 European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the

9、national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland an

10、d United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1177:2008:

11、 EEN 1177:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Test method7 4.1 Principle7 4.2 Apparatus .7 4.3 Accuracy of tests.8 4.4 Conditions for testing .9 4.4.1 Testing in the laboratory.9 4.4.2 Testing on site10 4.5 Procedure .10 4

12、.5.1 Time/acceleration trace.10 4.5.2 Selection and definition of the test position.10 4.5.3 Procedures for specific types of product .11 4.5.4 Selection of data for determination of critical fall height 12 4.6 Calculation of results 12 4.7 Test report 13 4.7.1 General13 4.7.2 Tests carried out in t

13、he laboratory 13 4.7.3 Tests carried out on site .13 Annex A (informative) Test rig for determination of critical fall height .15 Annex B (informative) Typical examples of trace of acceleration against time and curve of HIC values against drop height .16 BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (E) 3 Foreword Th

14、is document (EN 1177:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical

15、 text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held respons

16、ible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,

17、 Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This document supersedes EN 1177:1997. European standards for playground equipment and surf

18、acing comprise this European Standard and EN 1176, which consists of a number of parts as follows: EN 1176-1, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods EN 1176-2, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 2: Additional specific safety requirements and test

19、 methods for swings EN 1176-3, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for slides EN 1176-4, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 4: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for cableways EN 1176-5, Playground equipment a

20、nd surfacing Part 5: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for carousels EN 1176-6, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 6: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for rocking equipment EN 1176-7, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 7: Guidance on installat

21、ion, inspection, maintenance and operation EN 1176-10, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 10: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for fully enclosed play equipment EN 1176-11, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 11: Additional specific safety requirements and test metho

22、ds for spatial network For inflatable play equipment see EN 14960, Inflatable play equipment Safety requirements and test methods BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (E) 4 The principal changes from the previous edition of this European Standard are that all safety requirements have been removed and are now

23、 included in EN 1176-1 so that this standard is now only a method for assessing impact attenuation. As a result of round robin testing, additional criteria for carrying out the test procedure and additional requirements for the test equipment have been introduced. BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (E) 5 I

24、ntroduction This European Standard is based on the safety principles given in EN 1176-1 for playground equipment and provides a method for the assessment of impact attenuation of surfaces intended for use in the impact area as defined in EN 1176-1. Injuries caused by falls from playground equipment

25、occur for a variety of reasons but the most severe injuries are likely to be injuries to the head. The committee responsible for this European Standard recognizes that there are many factors that influence injury mechanisms independent of the surfacing, e.g. body orientation, awkwardness of fall, bo

26、ne density, etc. Recent research has indicated that permanent disabilities and long bone injuries could be influenced by the duration of the acceleration pulse. The committee responsible for this European Standard intends to consider recent research in this area in a future revision of this standard

27、. Consequently, priority has been given to developing a criterion for surfacing materials intended to assess their ability to reduce the likelihood of head injuries. On the basis of statistical analysis of available data the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) at a tolerance level of 1 000 has been used as

28、the upper limit for the brain injury severity unlikely to have disabling or fatal consequences. By choosing measurement of HIC as the criterion of safety, the method considers only the kinetic energy of the head when it impacts the surface of the impact area. This is considered to be the best model

29、available to predict the likelihood of head injury from falls. Surfaces fulfilling the test requirements of this standard are considered to be in compliance with the requirements for impact attenuation in EN 1176-1. NOTE The HIC value of 1 000 is merely one data point on a risk severity curve where

30、a HIC of 1 000 is equivalent to a 3 % chance of a critical injury (MAIS1)5), a 18 % probability of a severe (MAIS 4) head injury, a 55 % probability of a serious (MAIS 3) head injury, a 89 % probability of a moderate injury (MAIS 2), and a 99,5 % chance of a minor head injury (MAIS 1), to an average

31、 male adult. There are a variety of materials available providing impact attenuation, including rubber tiles, mats, slabs, continuous synthetic surfacing, either prefabricated or formed in-situ, loose particulate material, such as gravel, sand, wood chips, bark, etc. The method in this European Stan

32、dard can be used to assess any of these surfaces. 1) Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale, first developed by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine and used extensively in the automotive industry as an indicator of the severity of head-related injuries. BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (

33、E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for determining the impact attenuation of playground surfacing. It defines a “Critical Fall Height“ (see 3.2) for surfacing, which represents the upper limit of its effectiveness in reducing head injury when using playground equipment conforming

34、 to EN 1176. The test methods described in the European Standard are applicable for tests carried out in a laboratory and for tests on site. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited

35、applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 933-1, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution Sieving method EN 1176-1:2008, Playground equipment and surfacing Part 1: Ge

36、neral safety requirements and test methods EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) ISO 6487:2002, Road vehicles Measurement techniques in impact tests Instrumentation 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this docum

37、ent, the terms and definitions given in EN 1176-1:2008 and the following apply. 3.1 impact attenuation property of a surface, which dissipates the kinetic energy of an impact by localized deformation or displacement such that the acceleration is reduced 3.2 critical fall height maximum free height o

38、f fall, for which a surface will provide an acceptable level of impact attenuation, determined as described in 4.4 3.3 head injury criterion (HIC) value criterion for head injuries caused from falls as calculated in accordance with 4.6.1 3.4 test position position on the material to be tested locate

39、d vertically below the centre of the headform 3.5 drop height distance between the test position on the surfacing and the lowest point of the free falling headform prior to release NOTE In the case of a guided headform this value is calculated from measurement of velocity at impact (see 4.2.6). 3.6

40、impact measurement HIC value from the recorded acceleration of the headform falling from one fall height onto one test position BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (E) 7 3.7 drop test series of impact measurements determined from at least four increasing drop heights 3.8 loose particulate material material

41、which absorbs the energy of an impact usually through its displacement 4 Test method 4.1 Principle Test specimens or installed areas of the impact attenuating material under test are struck by an instrumented headform in a defined series of impacts from different drop heights. The signal emitted by

42、an accelerometer (see Figure B.1) in the headform during each impact is processed to yield a severity from the measured impact energy, defined as head injury criterion (HIC). The HIC of each impact is plotted and the critical fall height is determined as the lowest drop height producing a HIC value

43、of 1 000 (see Figure B.2). 4.2 Apparatus 4.2.1 Test rig, comprising a headform with accelerometer (4.2.2), optionally with a charge amplifier (4.2.3) and, if using a uniaxial accelerometer, a guidance system (4.2.4) and impact measuring equipment (4.2.8), as shown in Figure A.1. 4.2.2 Headform, cons

44、isting of either a) an aluminium alloy ball; or b) a hemispherical ended aluminium alloy missile. It shall have a diameter of 160 mm 5 mm, a mass of 4,6 kg 0,05 kg, with a maximum deviation from the hemispheric surface of 0,5 mm, incorporating an accelerometer as follows: c) triaxial accelerometer f

45、or free falling headforms, mounted in the centre of gravity of the headform; or d) uniaxial accelerometer for guided headforms, aligned to measure in the vertical axis 5 and located directly above the centre of mass. The impacting part of the headform between the lower boundary and accelerometer sha

46、ll be homogeneous and free from voids. 4.2.3 Charge amplifier (optional) 4.2.4 Guidance system, to guide the headform when using a uniaxial accelerometer, including a means to measure the velocity of the headform immediately prior to impact. 4.2.5 Length measuring equipment, such that for the free-f

47、all impact test, the drop height can be measured directly prior to release of the headform. NOTE Calculating the drop height from the measured time between release and contact of the missile with the surface may be not sufficient because of possible time differences between the start of time measure

48、ment and the effective release of the headform (e.g. caused by permanent magnetism in a magnetic release system). In all cases, the drop height shall be measured with an uncertainty of not greater than 1 %. BS EN 1177:2008EN 1177:2008 (E) 8 4.2.6 Velocity measuring equipment, such that for the guide

49、d impact test, the theoretical drop height can be calculated by measuring the velocity of the headform immediately prior to the impact. In all cases, the velocity shall be measured with an uncertainty of not more than 1 %. NOTE To allow for frictional losses, the velocity of the headform immediately prior to impact is recorded in order to calculate the equivalent drop height as if the headform had been in free fall. 4.2.7 Release system, such that for the free-fall impact test, it does not create a rotation moment or any other fo