CIE S 004 E-2001 Colours of Light Signals《灯光信号的颜色》.pdf

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1、tandar 1 Couleurs des signaux lumineux Farben von Signallichtern CIE Standards are copyrighted and shall not be reproduced in any form, entirely or partly, without the explicit agreement of the CIE. CIE Central Bureau, Vienna Keqelqasse 27, A-lo30 Vienna. Austria S 004E h . . UDC: 535.625 628.975 65

2、6.54 Descriptor: Coloured light signals Signal lighting Traffic signals CIE S 004/E-2001 O CIE 2001 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm,

3、without permission in writing from CIE Central Bureau at the address below. CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27 A-1030 Vienna Austria Tel.: +43 1 714 3187 O Fax: +43 1 713 0838 18 e-mail : ciec b pi ng . at Web: www.cie.co.at/cie II O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved CIE S 004/E-2001 FOREWORD Standards

4、produced by the Commission Internationale de lclairage (CIE) are a concise documentation of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally accepted and agreed data, which ca

5、n be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems. The CIE undertook a major review of its official recommendations for the colours of light signals in the period 1987 to 1993 and developed this Standard based on that review. This Standard has been approved by the National Committee

6、s of the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in CIE Publication 2.2 - 1975 Colours of Light Signals. Table of contents FOREWORD INTRODUCTION 1. SCOPE 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES 3. DEFINITIONS 4. REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Allowable light signal colours 4.2 Specified chromaticity areas 4.3 Red light signa

7、l colours 4.4 Yellow light signal colours 4.5 White light signal colours 4.6 Green light signal colours 4.7 Blue light signal colours 5. TEST METHODS 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. TABLES Table 1 - Boundaries of the allowed chromaticity areas for the colours of light signals Table 2 - Coordinates of intersectio

8、n points of allowed chromaticity area boundaries 8. FIGURES Figure 1 Allowed chromaticity areas for red, yellow, green, blue and white light signal colours Figure 2 Allowed chromaticity areas for red and yellow light signal colours Figure 3 Allowed chromaticity areas for white light signal colours F

9、igure 4 Allowed chromaticity areas for green light signal colours Figure 5 Allowed chromaticity areas for blue light signal colours IV 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 O CIE. 2001 O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved III CIE S 004/E-2001 IV o CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved CIE S 004/E

10、-2001 COLOURS OF LIGHT SIGNALS INTRODUCTION National and international standards for visual signal systems usually specify requirements for the colours of light signals to ensure that the colours can be correctly identified. The previous official recommendations of the CIE provided sound guidance on

11、 the choice of these colours and were utilised in the drafting of most relevant standards. The CIE first adopted recommendations for light signal colours in 1959. These were based on three experiments carried out in the 1930s and 1940s and on the technical and practical knowledge of the experts serv

12、ing on the CIE committees that prepared the recommendations. Account was also taken of current practices and standards as well as the practical limitations of coloured signal glasses and signal assemblies and the need to generate signals of sufficient intensity. Following new experimental work as we

13、ll as experience in the application of the 1959 recommendations, a revision of the recommendations was published by the CIE in 1975 as CIE Publication 2.2 - 1975 Colours oflight Signals. In 1987 the CIE saw the need for another revision based on further experimental work and changing needs and techn

14、ology in visual signalling. Committee TC4-14 (Colours of Signal Lights) of CIE Division 4 (Lighting and Signalling for Transport) undertook a detailed analysis of the experiments on the recognition of light signal colours and consulted widely among the international experts on visual signalling. The

15、 Committee reported its findings in CIE Technical Report 107 A Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights, which was published by the CIE in 1994. This Technical Report contains details of relevant experiments, arguments regarding colour discrimination, recomm

16、endations and an extensive bibliography. The recommendations of the committee were adopted by Division 4 of the CIE in 1992 and have guided the preparation of this International Standard. 1. SCOPE This Standard specifies the allowable colours for steady signal lights and flashing signal lights where

17、 the duration of the on period is at least one second. It is applicable to the colours of signal lights used in sea, road, air and rail transport systems including signal lights on ships, aircraft, motor vehicles and trains, where the recognition of the colours involved is essential. The Standard ca

18、n also be used for guidance on the selection of the colours of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels in vehicles, of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels used for monitoring or control of industrial processes, used in visual display terminals when recognition of the

19、colour code is important to interpreting the information displayed. The Standard does not specify how signal lights should be used in the various transport modes nor does it specify the meanings to be associated with the different colours. Reference must also be made to international, regional and n

20、ational conventions and regulations for sea, rail, road and air transport which specify how the colours should be used for particular applications. For motor vehicle lighting also refer to the applicable regulations annexed to the United Nations agreement, Geneva 1958 and later revisions, concerning

21、 the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles; equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions. For airport and aircraft signal lights consult also t

22、he pertinent International Civil Aviation Org. requirements. O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved 1 CIE S 004lE-2001 This Standard is not applicable to the colours of surface colour codes. Guidance on the allowable colours for surface colour codes is given in CIE Publication 39.2-1983 Recommendations f

23、or Surface Colours for Visual Signalling. 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following standards contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties

24、 to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of CIE, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) maintain registers o

25、f currently valid international standards. CIE 15.2-1 986: Colorimetry CIE 17.4-1 987: International Lighting Vocabulary (ILV, - equivalent to IEC 50(845) ISO/CIE 10527-1 991 : CIE standard colorimetric observers 3. DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 C

26、IE 1931 standard colorimetric system (X Y 2) (see ILV 845-03-28) A system for specifying colour by determining the tristimulus values of the spectral power distribution of a coloured light using the set of reference colour stimuli A, y, a and the three CIE colour matching functions X(A),y(A),Z(A), a

27、dopted by the CIE in 1931 (see CIE 15.2-1986), such that: X = kjSe,E(A)dA where: Se, x, v, z X(A),y(A),Z(A) k A the wavelength the spectral power distribution of a coloured light, the tristimulus values, the three CIE colour matching functions adopted by the CIE in 1931, a normalizing constant. For

28、self-luminous objects its value is equal to K, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy: 683 Im/W. 3.2 Chromaticity coordinates (see ILV 845-03-33) Ratio of each of a set of three tristimulus values to their sum. In the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system: Y Z= X Y y=x+Y+z X+Y+Z X= X+Y+Z where x, Y

29、the chromaticity coordinates of a colour which may be plotted on the 1931 CIE x, y chromaticity diagram to graphically represent the chromaticity in question (x + y + z = 1 ,O, thus z is redundant given x and y). 2 O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved CIE S 004/E-2001 3.3 Luminous intensity (of a sourc

30、e in a given direction) (see ILV 845-01-31) Quotient of the luminous flux (do) leaving the source, propagated in an element of solid angle (do) containing the given direction, by the element of solid angle. where: I do dl2 the luminous intensity of a source in a given direction, in candelas (cd), th

31、e luminous flux leaving the source in the given direction, in lumens (im), the element of solid angle containing the given direction, in steradians (sr). 3.4 Illuminance (at a point on a surface) (see ILV 845-01-38) Quotient of the luminous flux (do) incident on an element of the surface containing

32、the point, by the area (dA) of that element, such that d E=- dA where: E the illuminance at a point on the surface, in lux (ix), dA the area of the surface element containing the point, in square metres (m2), do the luminous flux incident on an element of that surface containing in lumens (im). the

33、point, 3.5 Illuminance in the plane of the observers eye (see ILV -11-27, Allards law) In this Standard, illuminance refers to the illuminance in the plane of the observers eye which is dependent on the intensity ( I ) of the source (or signal) and the inverse of the square of the distance of the ob

34、server from the source, such that where: E I d do T the atmospheric transmissivity. or the illuminance in the plane of the observers eye, in lux (ix), the intensity of the source in the direction of the observers eye, in candela (cd), the distance of the observer from the source, in metres (m), the

35、distance specified in the definition of T where v is the meteorological optical range. 3.6 Meteorological optical range T (see ILV 845-11-20) Length of the path in meter in the atmosphere that is required to attenuate by 95% the luminous flux in a collimated beam from a light source at a colour temp

36、erature of 2700 K. 3.7 Atmospheric transmissivity Y (see ILV 845-1 1-19) Regular luminous transmittance of the atmosphere over a specified path do O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved 3 CIE S 004/E-2001 4. REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Allowable light signal colours The allowable colours for light signals are red,

37、yellow, white, green and blue. No other colours shall be used. NOTE 1 Purple is not a suitable colour for light signals since it is often confused with red especially since the atmosphere selectively absorbs the blue component of purple. Moreover, the chromatic aberration and/or refractive error of

38、the eye will often cause a purple signal to be seen as a red signal with a blue halo or as a blue signal with a red halo. Violet is not a suitable colour for light signals as it is often confused with blue, has a limited visibility range and may be seen as blue with red haloes or red with blue haloe

39、s as for purple. Orange is not a suitable colour for light signals because it is often confused with red and yellow Signal systems should normally comprise no more than four colours. NOTE 2 NOTE 3 NOTE 4 4.2 Specified chromaticity areas The colours of light signals shall have chromaticity coordinate

40、s (x, y) that lie inside the chromaticity areas defined by the boundaries specified in Table 1 and, where applicable, by the spectral locus and its linear extension across the purple range of colours between the red and blue extremities of the spectral locus. NOTE 1 For convenience in plotting the c

41、hromaticity areas, the intersection points of the chromaticity boundaries, spectral locus and purple line are given in Table 2 and the areas are illustrated in Figures 1 to 5. The chromaticity coordinates for plotting the spectral locus in Figures 1 to 5 are given in ISO/CIE NOTE 2 10527-1991. 4.3 R

42、ed light signal colours 4.3.1 Class A Red light signal colours shall lie within the chromaticity area ABCD except as provided in subclauses 4.3.2 and 4.3.3. 4.3.2 Class A 1 When the user group includes persons with defective colour vision, the red light signal colour shall lie within the chromaticit

43、y area ABC?D?. 4.3.3 Class B When reliable recognition of red light signal colours is not so important, the red light signal colour can lie within the chromaticity area AB?C?D?. NOTE 1 Approximately 8% of men and 0,5% of women have defective colour vision and many of them will have difficulty in rec

44、ognising light signal colours correctly. One quarter of these people have a protan colour vision defect due to either a lack of the red sensitive cone pigment or to the presence of an abnormal red sensitive cone pigment in the retina of their eyes. Protans have difficulty seeing red lights: their vi

45、sual range for red lights is reduced to about half that of normal observers. Their difficulty seeing red lights is greatest for deep reds (smaller values of y). The boundary C?D? excludes deep reds that will cause protan observers greatest difficulty. In the chromaticity area ABB?A, individuals with

46、 normal colour vision will make errors on 10% to 20% of occasions under a variety of viewing conditions, so this chromaticity area cannot be relied upon to provide red signals that will be correctly identified. This area should only be used when other cues to the meaning of the signal are available.

47、 NOTE 2 4.4 Yellow light signal colours Yellow light signal colours shall lie within the chromaticity area EFGH. NOTE 1 When a yellow signal has a high intensity such that at the usual distance of observation the illuminance at the eyes of the observer is greater than 1 O00 PIX, the colour of the si

48、gnal should lie near the boundary EF. When a yellow signal has a low intensity such that at the usual distance of observation the illuminance at the eyes of the observer is less than 1 PIX, the colour of the signal should lie near the boundary GH. NOTE 2 4 O CIE, 2001 - All rights reserved CIE S 004

49、/E-2001 4.5 White light signal colours 4.5.1 Class A White light signal colours shall lie within the chromaticity area IJKL except as provided in subclause 4.5.2. 4.5.2 Class B White light signal colours can lie within the chromaticity area IJJKKL when: - yellow signals are not included in the same signal system, - the signal does not need to be distinguished from extraneous yellowish lights in the background (such as sodium and low colour temperature incandescent lamps used for street lighting), - the signal is at a distance less than 5 km, and - the signal will not be subje