BS ISO 28080-2011 Hardmetals Abrasion tests for hardmetals《硬质合金 硬质合金的磨损试验》.pdf

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1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 28080:2011Hardmetals Abrasion testsfor hardmetalsBS ISO 28080:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 28080:2011.The UK

2、 participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee ISE/65, Sintered metal components.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are r

3、esponsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 61756 0ICS 77.040.10; 77.160Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2011.Amendmen

4、ts issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 28080:2011Reference numberISO 28080:2011(E)ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO28080First edition2011-02-01Hardmetals Abrasion tests for hardmetals Mtaux-durs Mthodes dessai dabrasion des mtaux-durs BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) PDF disclaimer T

5、his PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept t

6、herein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file;

7、 the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DO

8、CUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bo

9、dy in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiC

10、ontents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Principle .1 4 Terms and definitions .2 5 Materials .2 5.1 Test pieces .2 5.2 Abrasive .2 5.3 Reference materials 3 5.4 Wheel 3 6 Apparatus.3 6.1 Summary of apparatuses (test systems) 3 6.2 Abrasive-feed mechanism4 6.3 Vacuum

11、 extraction 5 6.4 Control of wheel speed.5 6.5 Calibration of abrasive flow .5 6.6 Test load.5 6.7 Fluid flow5 6.8 Instrumentation .5 7 Preparation of test piece.6 7.1 Test-piece cleaning .6 7.2 Test-piece weighing 6 7.3 Test-sample density6 8 Procedure.7 8.1 General .7 8.2 Test-piece clamping7 8.3

12、Typical operation conditions .7 8.4 Start of test.7 8.5 End of test or test stop .7 8.6 Interrupted tests 8 8.7 Use of a reference material 8 8.8 Number of repeat tests .8 9 Expression of results8 9.1 Single-step test8 9.2 Multiple-step test.8 9.3 Illustration of trends of wear, friction force and n

13、ormal force9 9.4 Illustration of comparative set of measurements using two abrasion materials .9 10 Uncertainty of measurement10 11 Test report12 Bibliography13 BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a wo

14、rldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented o

15、n that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted

16、 in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standa

17、rd requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 28080 was prepared by

18、Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 4, Sampling and testing methods for hardmetals. BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard provides new and improved methods for testing the abrasion characteristics of h

19、ardmetals using rotating-wheel systems. There are a number of abrasion test methods that have been developed that use this type of geometry, including the ASTM G65 dry sand/rubber wheel test, the ASTM G105 wet sand/rubber wheel test and the ASTM B611 steel wheel test. Other variants of these tests h

20、ave also been developed for specific applications in other institutes. These tests all use a rotating wheel pressed against a test piece, with abrasive material introduced between the wheel and the test piece. Because of this fundamental commonality, much of the methodology is the same for the diffe

21、rent tests. However, they do differ in the details of how the abrasive is fed to the interface between the wheel and the test piece, if the test can be carried out in the presence of fluids, and if the abrasive is only used once and passes through the test system, or is reused many times. This Inter

22、national Standard specifies a common framework that brings together the key features of these tests and gives results that show comparability, and also gives information on their reproducibility and repeatability. Abrasion wear is not a measure of the wear characteristics of hardmetals under all con

23、ditions, and is not to be misinterpreted as indicating wear when hardmetals are used for tooling, such as cutting and milling. It does show the difference in resistance to abrasive use for different carbide compositions and the methods can be used as practical tests or as research methods for materi

24、al discrimination. BS ISO 28080:2011BS ISO 28080:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28080:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Hardmetals Abrasion tests for hardmetals 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals. The p

25、rocedure complements the ASTM G65 method for dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion, the ASTM B611 method for abrasive wear resistance of cemented carbides, and the ASTM G105 method for conducting wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion tests. The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories hav

26、e a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions: a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber); b) wet and dry; c) different abrasive sizes; d) different chemical enviro

27、nments. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3369, Impermea

28、ble sintered metal materials and hardmetals Determination of density ASTM B611, Standard Test Method for Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cemented Carbides ASTM G65, Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus ASTM G105, Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sa

29、nd/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests 3 Principle The test uses a rotating wheel against which test pieces are pressed. Abrasive is introduced between the wheel and the test piece to cause abrasion to the test piece. BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved4 Terms and definitions F

30、or the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 abrasion volume loss V test pieces loss in volume during the test NOTE In ASTM B611, this is defined as the volume loss per revolution of the steel wheel. 4.2 abrasion scar depth D depth of wear scar at the mid-point 4.

31、3 abrasion wear wear caused by a slurried abrasive on a rotating surface contacting the test-piece surface under pressure 5 Materials 5.1 Test pieces 5.1.1 Overall size Test pieces are typically larger than the contact area with the rotating wheel and are typically 40 mm to 70 mm 20 mm to 25 mm in s

32、ize. These test pieces are designed to allow for the wear scar to be contained wholly within the area of the contact face. However, some variants of the test (see 1 in the Bibliography) use a test piece with a clearly defined contact shape and size where the wear takes place across the entire contac

33、t face of the sample. The thickness of the test piece is not important, as long as it is sufficiently robust and the wear takes place entirely within the test piece. When coated samples are tested, the test duration is normally adjusted to ensure that the wear occurs exclusively within the coating.

34、This can be determined by post-test examination. 5.1.2 Surface finish The surface finish of the test piece may affect the results of the test. Thus, the presence of a surface that is weakened by the preparation process may lead to increased initial wear. Conversely, the presence of a residual compre

35、ssive stress in the surface layer may possibly reduce initial wear. In both cases when these surface regions are worn away, the wear rate is expected to approach the normal value for the material. 5.2 Abrasive The test abrasive shall be obtained from a consistent source with good quality control pro

36、cedures, to ensure that variability in its properties is minimized. It is well known that the results of abrasion testing depend critically on the shape, size and size distribution of the abrasive. For this reason, if it is important to compare the results of one test with another, the same abrasive

37、 should be used in the tests concerned. It is important that the abrasive be dry and free flowing to avoid blockage of the test system. If necessary it should be dried in an oven before use. ASTM B611 uses coarse alumina as an abrasive, and ASTM G65 and ASTM G105 use silica sand. For further specifi

38、c details of the abrasives, see ASTM B611, ASTM G65 and ASTM G105. BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 35.3 Reference materials It is also effective, in some circumstances, to use a reference material in a sequence of tests to normalize test results to take account of min

39、or uncontrolled variations in test conditions or changes in the make-up of the abrasive. This procedure is described in 8.7. In any case, a test should be carried out periodically on a reference material to ensure that the test system is operating correctly and gives repeatable results. 5.4 Wheel 5.

40、4.1 Material Either the wheel is made from a solid piece of the requisite material such as steel, or, when elastomeric materials are being used to provide a compliant surface, a rim of the necessary elastomer is normally moulded onto the rim of a steel wheel. Suitable steel wheels as specified in AS

41、TM B611 (AISI 1020) and chlorobutyl rubber rimmed wheels with a Shore A Durometer hardness of A 58-62 as specified in ASTM G65 or in ASTM G105 should be used. Moulded polyurethane or other artificial elastomer rims can also be used, but it should be noted that, even if the same ambient temperature h

42、ardness is achieved for the polyurethane as for the above-specified rubber, significant differences in results can occur in dry tests, possibly due to alteration of mechanical properties relative to those of the rubber due to heating by the abrasion process. 5.4.2 Wheel size The wheel specified in A

43、STM G65 has a diameter of 228,6 mm and a face width of 12,7 mm and in ASTM B611 it has a maximum diameter of 169 mm and width of 12,7 mm. There are other test systems of a similar type which have wheels of different size, but unless there are special reasons to choose otherwise, the specific test co

44、nditions in the ASTM standards should be used. For tests which use rubber elastomer rims, such as ASTM G65, the thickness of the rim should be 12,7 mm. Again, if there are no special reasons to choose otherwise, the ASTM G65 conditions should be used. The wheel is subjected to damage during the test

45、ing, and should be checked periodically. If significant damage has occurred, the wheel should be replaced. The overall diameter of the wheel should also be checked and, when it is reduced in size by the recommended amount (12,7 mm for ASTM G65 and 4 mm for ASTM B611), the wheel should be replaced. T

46、he flatness and squareness of the contact area on the wheel are most easily checked by examining a wear scar (see Figure 3). If this is even and regular, then the contact is flat and square. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Summary of apparatuses (test systems) The schematics of typical test systems are shown in Fig

47、ure 1. Two variants are shown, Variant 1 (see 2 and 3 in the Bibliography) where the test piece is horizontal and pressed into the top of the wheel, and Variant 2 (see 4 in the Bibliography) where the test piece is held vertically and pressed into the edge of the wheel. NOTE Examples of Variant 2 te

48、st systems are the ASTM B611 test and the ASTM G65 test. The abrasive is fed from a hopper into the abrasive-feed system and thence into the contact between the test piece and rotating wheel. The test conditions can also be varied by adding a supply of fluid just in front of the abrasive feed, or by

49、 immersing the wheel in a bath of fluid that wets the wheel. BS ISO 28080:2011ISO 28080:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reserveda) With horizontal test piece b) With vertical test piece Key 1 abrasive 2 weight 3 sample 4 slurry bath 5 rubber rim 6 fluid feed 7 feed chute 8 abrasive-feed mechanism NOTE Abrasive is fed either by means of a slurry bath, or by means of an abrasive feed from a hopper. Both types of supply are not required. In addition, the fluid is not required for dry tests. Figure 1 Schematic diagram of rotati