AWS PRGT-1999 The Practical Reference Guide for Welding Titanium《镍焊接的实践参考指南》.pdf
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1、 STD-AWS PRGT-ENGL 1999 = 0784265 0539359 207 American Welding Society The Practical Reference Guide for - STDmAWS PRGT-ENGL 1997 0784265 05193b0 T2 m THE PRACTICAL REFERENCE GUIDE for WELDING TITANIUM Compiled/Edited/Writen by Eugene G. Hornberger Consultant Hampton, Virginia This publication is de
2、signed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verif
3、ication of its application for a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their particular application. American Welding Society 550 N.W. L
4、eJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 STD-AUS PRGT-ENGL 1999 07842b5 0519361 965 = ACKNOWLEDGMENT The American Welding Society extends appreciation to John Monsees, Consultant, International Titanium Association, Boulder, Colorado, for both his technical review of, and advice on, this document. Photocop
5、y Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance
6、 Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http: O 1999 by the American Welding Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. - STDoAWS PRGT-ENGL 1999 = 0784265 0519362 8TL D TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No . Basic Safety Precautions . iv Introduct
7、ion 1 Weld Cleaning 2 Gas Shielded Arc Welding Processes 2 Welding in the Open . 3 Primary Gas Shielding 3 Secondary Gas Shielding 3 Backing Gas Shielding 4 Joint Design 5 Welding in a Chamber 4 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding . 6 Gas Metal Arc Welding . 7 Equipment 7 Welding Consumables 7 Filler Metal Tra
8、nsfer 7 Welding Conditions . 7 Plasma Arc Welding 8 Laser Beam Welding 9 Resistance Welding 9 Other Welding Processes 9 Electron Beam Welding . 9 References . 10 iii STD-AWS PRGT-ENGL 3999 I 07842b5 0539363 738 m BASIC SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Bum Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and hot work surfa
9、ces are produced by welding, cutting, and allied processes. These can cause burns if precautionary measures are not used. Workers should wear protec- tive clothing made of fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open pockets, or other places on clothing that can catch and retain molten metal or sparks
10、should not be worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and fire-re- sistant gloves should be worn. Pant legs should be worn over the outside of high-top shoes. Helmets or hand shields that provide protection for the face, neck, and ears, and a head covering to protect the head should be used. In add
11、ition, appropriate eye protection should be used. Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill. However, it can be avoided. Live electrical parts should not be touched. The manufacturers instructions and recommended safe practices should be read and understood. Faulty installation, improper grounding
12、, and incorrect operation and maintenance of electrical equipment are all sources of danger. All electrical equipment and the workpiece should be grounded. The workpiece lead is not a ground lead. It is used only to complete the welding circuit. A separate connection is required to ground the workpi
13、ece. The workpiece should not be mistaken for a ground connection. Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes produce fumes and gases which may be harmful to health. Avoid breathing the air in the fume plume directly above the arc. Do not weld in a con- fined area without a ventila
14、tion system. Use point-of-welding fume removal when welding galvanized steel, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, brass, or bronze. Do not weld on piping or containers that have held hazardous materials unless the containers have been inerted properly. Compressed Gas Cylinders. Keep caps on cy
15、linders when not in use. Make sure that gas cylinders are chained to a wall or other structural support. Do not weld on cylinders. Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultraviolet, infrared, or light radiation. Always wear protective cloth- ing and eye protection to protect the skin and eyes from radi
16、ation. Shield others from light radiation from your welding operation. AWS also recommends a personal copy of ”Arc Welding Safely,” “Fire Safety in Welding and Cutting,” “Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,” and “Standard for the Production, Processing, Handling, and Storage of Titaniu
17、m.” iv STDDAWS PRGT-ENGL 1977 = 0784265 05193b4 b74 m Introduction Titanium need not be ail that hard to weld! In industrial sectors the common opinion is that titanium alloys are difficult to weld. While it is true that titanium alloys can be embrittled by careless welding tech- niques, it is equal
18、ly true that these materials are much more weldable than their reputation sug- gests. Difficulties in welding titanium and titanium alloys originate from several basic sources. The high reactivity of titanium with other materials, poor cleaning of parts before joining, and inade- quate protection du
19、ring welding can lead to con- tamination, porosity and embrittlement of the completed joints. Titanium is one of the most common metals occur- ring in the earths crust. Particularly in North America, there is an abundance of titanium ores available for commercial exploitation. Pure tita- nium is a s
20、ilvery-colored metal that melts at approx- imately 3035F. It is as strong as steel, but half its weight with excellent corrosion resistance. Tradi- tional applications are in the aerospace and chemi- cal industries. Titanium and titanium alloys have a number of de- sirable properties and, when suita
21、bility combined, these properties make the metal the best material for a variety of service applications. These proper- ties include: Excellent fatigue resistance. Good notch toughness. Stability over a wide temperature range. Low coefficient of thermal expansion. Low thermal conductivity Outstandin
22、g corrosion characteristics for some of the most troublesome industrial chemicals. Excellent resistance to erosion and cavitation from high velocity fluid flow. No scaling below SOOOF, although discoloration of the metal may occur. Inert in electrochemical operations, when charged as an anode in an
23、electrochemical circuit. Titanium has a strong affinity for oxygen, and it forms a tight microscopic oxide film on freshly pre- pared surfaces at room temperature. Titanium tends to oxidize rapidly when heated in air above 1200F. At elevated temperatures it has the propen- sity for dissolving discre
24、te amounts of its own oxide into solution. For these reasons, the welding of titanium requires the use of protective shielding, such as an inert gas atmosphere, to prevent contam- ination and embrittlement from oxygen and nitro- gen, Titanium reacts with air to form oxides, and at elevated temperatu
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