AWS PRGP-2008 The Practical Reference Guide to Positioning《定位的实际参考指南》.pdf
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1、The Practical ReferenceGuide to PositioningThis publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject mattercovered. It is made available with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged inthe rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information contained in this
2、document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of its applicationfor a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from useof this publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to theapplicable standards for their
3、particular application.550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126The Practical Reference Guide to Positioning2AcknowledgmentsInformation and excerpts throughout this Guide have been adopted from The NewHandbook of Positioneering, courtesy of Koike Aronson, Inc., Arcade, NY., and additionalinput provided
4、 by Pandjiris, Inc. Photographs are courtesy of Pandjiris, Inc., St. Louis,MO.International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-086-4American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2008 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights
5、. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the copyright owner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational cl
6、assroom use only or theinternal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the AmericanWelding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .The Practical
7、Reference Guide to Positioning3Basic Safety PrecautionsBurn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and hot work surfaces are produced bywelding, cutting, and allied processes. These can cause burns if precautionary measuresare not used. Workers should wear protective clothing made of fire-resistant
8、 material. Pantcuffs, open pockets, or other places on clothing that can catch and retain molten metal orsparks should not be worn. High-top shoes or leather leggings and fire resistant glovesshould be worn. Pant legs should be worn over the outside of high-top shoes. Helmets orhand shields that pro
9、vide protection for the face, neck, and ears, and a head covering toprotect the head should be used. In addition, appropriate eye protection should be used.Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill. However, it can be avoided. Live electricalparts should not be touched. The manufacturers instructi
10、ons and recommended safepractices should be read and understood. Faulty installation, improper grounding, andincorrect operation and maintenance of electrical equipment are all sources of danger. Allelectrical equipment and the workpiece should be grounded. The workpiece lead is not aground lead. It
11、 is used only to complete the welding circuit. A separate connection isrequired to ground the workpiece. The workpiece should not be mistaken for a groundconnection. Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes produce fumes and gaseswhich may be harmful to health. Avoid breathing th
12、e air in the fume plume directly abovethe arc. Do not weld in a confined area without a ventilation system. Use point-of-weldingfume removal when welding galvanized steel, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium,manganese, brass, or bronze. Do not weld on piping or containers that have heldhazardous materials
13、 unless the containers have been properly made inert.Compressed Gas Cylinders. Keep caps on cylinders when not in use. Make sure that gascylinders are chained to a wall or other structural support. Do not weld on cylinders.Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultraviolet, infrared, or light radiation.
14、 Always wearprotective clothing and eye protection to protect the skin and eyes from radiation. Shieldothers from light radiation from your welding operation.Special Precautions. In the following conditions when welding aluminum alloys: (1)High levels of fumes are produced when using the 5XXX (magne
15、sium-bearing) aluminumfiller metals. (2) The use of argon-based shielding gas blends results in the production ofozone, especially with 4XXX filler metals. The use of filtering masks or airline respiratorswill be required if it is determined that personnel are being exposed to excessivepollutants. C
16、aution must also be observed in the reaction between aluminum and certainsolvents and cleaners. Consult information provided by manufacturers for the necessarysafe practices in the use of their products. AWS also recommends a personal copy of “ArcWelding Safely“, “Fire Safety in Welding and Cutting“
17、, and “Safety in Welding, Cutting,and Allied Processes“. AWS publications may be purchased from the American Welding Society at http:/www.aws.org or by contacting the AWS at 800-854-7149.The Practical Reference Guide to Positioning4Intentionally Left BlankThe Practical Reference Guide to Positioning
18、5TABLE OF CONTENTSPage NoPractical Reference Guide to Positioning . 1Acknowledgments 2Basic Safety Precautions . 3I. Introduction 9II. Weldment Positioning Equipment 9A. Positioner Basics . 101. Determining the Center of Gravity. 102. Finding the Center of Gravity Experimentally. 123. Mounting Work
19、onto a Weldment Positioner. 144. Welding Chucks 175. Work Lead Connections . 196. Floor Anchors. 20B. Tilting-Rotating Positioners . 211. Selecting Positioner Capacity. 222. Tilt Torque 233. Rotation Torque 264. Swing Clearance. 275. Constant and Variable Speed Positioners . 276. Calculating Surface
20、 Speed 277. Speed Regulation 28C. Powered-Elevation Positioners . 29D. Drop-Center Tilting Positioners . 30E. Turntable Positioners. 311. Turntable Capacity Ratings 32F. Headstock and Tailstock Positioners . 331. Large Workpiece Inertia 342. Mounting Workpieces on Headstock and Tailstock Positioners
21、 . 353. Determining Swing Clearance . 384. Powered-Elevation Headstock and Tailstock Positioners . 39G Balancing Positioners . 391. Determining Load Capacity 392. Mounting the Work on Balancing Positioners 413. Making Minor Balance Adjustments . 414. Motorized Tables . 42III. Turning Rolls 42A. Fixe
22、d Centerline Turning Rolls . 43B. Adjustable Centerline Turning Rolls. 43The Practical Reference Guide to Positioning6Page NoC. Fit-Up Rolls 44D. Unitized-Frame Turning Rolls . 45E. Tilting Turning Rolls . 46F. Sling Style Rolls . 46G. Powered and Idler Rail Cars . 46H. Non-Cylindrical Work 47I. Pip
23、e Hold-Down Attachments 47J. Weight Capacity 48K. Rotation Power Ratings 48L. Tractive-Pull Ratings 48M. Included Angle 50N. Traction Calculation 51O. Selection of Turning Roll Wheel Materials 53P. Alignment . 53Q. Overturning Instability 55R. Setting Up Turning Rolls for Multiple Sections 57S. Shoc
24、k Loading 59T. Weld Joints 59IV. Welding Head Manipulators . 59A. Manipulator Selection . 60B. Lift 62C. Lift System Safety 64D. Reach 64E. Mast Rotation 64F. Car Travel . 65G. Powered Motions . 65H. Manipulator Load Capacity . 65I. Location and Mounting of Welding Head Manipulators 66J. Manipulator
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