ASTM F2352-2005 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of Light Sport Gyroplane Aircraft《轻型运动自转旋翼机的设计和性能的标准规范》.pdf
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1、Designation: F 2352 05Standard Specification forDesign and Performance of Light Sport Gyroplane Aircraft1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2352; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of gyroplanes.This specification includes design and performance require-ments fo
3、r light sport gyroplane aircraft.1.2 This specification applies to light gyroplane aircraftseeking civil aviation authority approval in the form of flightcertificates, flight permits, or other like documentation.1.3 A gyroplane for the purposes of this specification isdefined as a rotorcraft to be u
4、sed for day VFR only, with rotorblades that are not engine-driven in flight and are supported inflight by the reaction of the air on a single rotor that rotatesfreely on a substantially vertical axis when the aircraft is inhorizontal flight.1.4 These requirements apply to light gyroplanes of ortho-d
5、ox design.Aircraft having the following basic features will beso regarded:1.4.1 Rotors of either fixed collective pitch or collectivepitch control that are not adjustable in flight,1.4.2 Single engine with fixed or ground adjustable pitchpropeller,1.4.3 No more than two occupant seats, and1.4.4 Amax
6、imum gross weight (MGW) of 725 kg (1600 lb)or less.1.5 Where it can be shown that a particular feature is similarin all significant respects to a feature that has historicallydemonstrated compliance with this specification and can beconsidered a separate entity in terms of its operation, thatfeature
7、 shall be deemed to be applicable and in compliancewith this specification.1.6 Where these requirements are inappropriate to particulardesign and construction features, it will be necessary to submitan appropriate amendment of this specification to ASTMCommittee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft for consi
8、deration andapproval.1.7 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
9、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Table of Contents:SectionScope 1Table of Contents 1.9Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Definitions 3.1Acronyms 3.2Flight 4General 4.1Performance 4.2Controllability and Maneuver
10、ability 4.3Longitudinal Lateral and Directional Control 4.4Stability 4.5Ground-Handling Characteristics 4.6Miscellaneous Flight Requirements 4.7Structure 5General 5.1Flight Loads 5.2Engine Torque 5.3Control System Loads 5.4Stabilizing and Control Surfaces 5.5Ground Loads 5.6Main Component Requiremen
11、ts 5.7Emergency Landing Conditions 5.8Other Loads 5.9Design and Construction 6General 6.1Materials 6.2Fabrication Methods 6.3Locking of Connections 6.4Protection of Structure 6.5Inspection 6.6Provisions for Rigging and Derigging 6.7Material Strength Properties and Design Values 6.8Fatigue Strength 6
12、.9Special Factors of Safety 6.10Bearing Factors 6.10.2Fitting Factors 6.10.3Cable Factor 6.10.4Rotor Components Factor 6.10.5Flutter Prevention and Structural Stiffness 6.11Control Surfaces and Rotors 6.12Control Surface Installations (Other Than Rotor Blades) 6.13Control Surface Hinges (Other Than
13、Rotor Blades) 6.14Rotor Mass Balance 6.15Rotor Blade Clearance 6.16Rotor Head Bearings 6.17Control Systems 6.18Cockpit Design 6.19Powerplant 7General 7.1Engine 7.2Engine and Propeller Compatibility 7.31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on LightSport Aircraft and is t
14、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.50 on Gy-roplane.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2352 04a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
15、9, United States.SectionRotor Spin-Up and Brake Systems 7.4Powerplant and Rotor System Compatibility 7.5Propeller Clearance 7.6Fuel System 7.7Oil System 7.8Cooling 7.9Induction System 7.10Exhaust System 7.11Powerplant Controls and Accessories 7.12Cowling and Nacelle 7.13Equipment 8General 8.1Instrum
16、entsInstallation 8.2Electrical Systems and Equipment 8.3Miscellaneous Equipment 8.4Operating Limitations and Information 9General 9.1Airspeed Limitations 9.2Weight and Balance 9.3Powerplant and Propeller Limitations 9.4Aircraft Operating Instructions, AOI 9.5Maintenance Manual 9.6Markings and Placar
17、ds 9.7Propellers 10Design and Construction 10.1Keywords 122. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 2339 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-ing Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport AircraftF 2449 Specification for Manufacturer Quality AssuranceProgram for Light Sport Gyroplane Ai
18、rcraftF 2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development ofMaintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft2.2 Federal Aviation Regulations:3FAR-33 Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines2.3 Joint Aviation Regulations:4JAR-E Joint Aviation Requirements for EnginesJAR-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailpla
19、nes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 factor of safety, nmultiplier of limit load to deter-mine design ultimate load.3.1.2 fire proof, adjcapable of withstanding for a periodof at least 15 min the application of heat by the standard flame.3.1.3 fire resistant, adjcapable of withstanding for aperiod
20、 of at least 5 min of heat by standard flame.3.1.4 limit load, nmaximum expected static load on acomponent.3.1.5 power off, nfor testing purposes, engine at idle.3.1.6 primary structure, nthose parts of the structure thefailure of which would endanger the gyroplane.3.1.7 ultimate load, nlimit load m
21、ultiplied by the factor ofsafety.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 AOIAircraft Operating Instructions3.2.2 ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials3.2.3 CAScalibrated airspeed3.2.4 CGcenter of gravity3.2.5 CNnormal force coefficient3.2.6 IASindicated airspeed3.2.7 ICAOInternational Aviation Organization3.2.8
22、 LSAlight sport aircraft3.2.9 MGWmaximum gross weight3.2.10 MPRSminimum power required airspeed3.2.11 VFRVisual Flight Rules3.2.12 VHstraight and level airspeed at full power3.2.13 VMINminimum controllable level flight airspeed,IAS3.2.14 VNEnever exceed airspeed, IAS3.2.15 VYbest rate of climb airsp
23、eed, IAS4. Flight4.1 General:4.1.1 Conditions of Compliance:4.1.1.1 Each requirement of this section must be met inloading conditions and at the most adverse combination ofweight and balance loading conditions within which thegyroplane will be operated.4.1.1.2 Unless otherwise stipulated, performanc
24、e require-ments are at standard atmospheric conditions (15C (59F)and sea level pressure altitude).4.1.1.3 Each requirement of this section must be met for allconfigurations at which the gyroplane will be operated exceptas otherwise stated. (If, for example, a gyroplane is equippedwith a canopy or do
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