ASTM F2281-2004(2012) Standard Specification for Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Bolts Hex Cap Screws and Studs for Heat Resistance and High Temperature Applications《耐热及高温设备用不锈钢和镍.pdf

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1、Designation: F2281 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Specification forStainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, andStuds, for Heat Resistance and High TemperatureApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2281; the number immediately following the designation indicate

2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the chemical and mec

3、hanicalrequirements for stainless steel and nickel alloy bolts, hex capscrews, and studs,14 in. diameter and larger, intended for useat temperatures up to 1800F (982C), and in applicationswhere resistance to heat and the effects of high temperature areto be considered. See Appendix X1 for Service Ap

4、plication. Awide variety of materials are covered in this specificationwhich can be used at high temperatures as a function of thespecific alloy properties, as well as environmental require-ments including corrosive environments.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard

5、. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa

6、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to IntergranularAttack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsA276 Specification for Stainle

7、ss Steel Bars and ShapesA342/A342M Test Methods for Permeability of FeeblyMagnetic MaterialsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA484/A484M Specification for General Requirements forStainless Steel Bars, Billets, and ForgingsA493 Speci

8、fication for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rodsfor Cold Heading and Cold ForgingA564/A564M Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA582/A582M Specification for Free-Machining StainlessSteel BarsA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chem

9、i-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsB637 Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Nickel Al-loy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature ServiceB880 Specification for General Requirements for ChemicalCheck Analysis Limits for Nickel, Nickel Alloys andCobalt AlloysD3951 Practice for Commer

10、cial PackagingE21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Testsof Metallic MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE76 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Nickel-CopperAlloys3E139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupt

11、ure,and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic MaterialsE292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-RuptureNotch Tension Tests of MaterialsE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hi

12、gh-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysF606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF788/F788M Specification for Surface Discontinuities ofBolt

13、s, Screws, and Studs, Inch and Metric SeriesF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance Inspection2.2 ASME Standards:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.04 o

14、n NonferrousFasteners.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2281 04. DOI:10.1520/F2281-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceas

15、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho

16、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads4B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, (Inch Series)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 heat resistanceextent to which a material retainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the materialto a specified temperature and e

17、nvironment for a specifiedtime.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 high temperaturedefined solely for the purpose ofthis document as a range in temperature from 500F (260C) to1800F (982C). Materials listed as high temperature alloys aredesigned to maintain their anticipated stre

18、ngth and character-istics within this range.4. Classification4.1 Three types of material, see Appendix X1 for serviceapplication, are covered in this specification and are classifiedinto the following:4.1.1 Type IHeat resisting alloys for continuous serviceapplications:4.1.1.1 Class AAustenitic grad

19、es:Alloy Grade UNS Designation304 S30400304L S30403316 S31600316L S316034.1.1.2 Class BMartensitic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation410 S41000416 S41600431 S431004.1.1.3 Class CFerritic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation430 S43000430F S430204.1.2 Type IIHeat resisting alloys for continuous andinter

20、mittent service applications:Alloy Grade UNS Designation309 S30900310 S31000321 S32100330 N08330347 S347004.1.3 Type IIIHigh temperature alloys for continuous andintermittent service applications:4.1.3.1 Class ANickel based alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation600 N06600601 N066014.1.3.2 Class BPrecipit

21、ation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation660 S662864.1.3.3 Class CPrecipitation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation718 N077185. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, and studs under thisspecification shall include the following information:5.1.1 ASTM designation and

22、 year date. When year date isnot specified, the latest issue shall be invoked;5.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces of each item),5.1.3 Item name (that is, bolt, hex cap screw, or stud),5.1.4 Size (nominal diameter, threads per inch, length),5.1.5 Type, class, and alloy grade (see 4.1), and5.1.6 Conditio

23、n (see 6.2.3).5.2 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, and studs under thisspecification may include the following optional requirements:5.2.1 Forming (see 6.2.1),5.2.2 Thread type (see 6.2.2),5.2.3 Corrosion tests (see 13.1.2.1),5.2.4 Finish (see 11.3),5.2.5 Test reports (see 19.2), and5.2.6 Supplemen

24、tary Requirements, if any, to be specifiedon the order (see S1 through S8).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Material:6.1.1 Specifications A276, A484/A484M, A493, A564/A564M,A582/A582M, B637 are noted for information only assuitable sources of material for the manufacture of bolts, hexcap screws, and

25、studs to this specification.6.1.2 The bolts, hex cap screws, and studs shall be manu-factured from material having a chemical composition con-forming to the requirements listed in Table 1 and capable ofdeveloping the mechanical property requirements listed inTable 2 for the finished fastener.6.1.3 V

26、arious grades of material having unique heat resist-ing or high temperature characteristics are specified in thisspecification. A guide to their application is listed in AppendixX1 to assist in the selection of the fastener material.6.1.4 The form and condition of the raw material shall be atthe opt

27、ion of the manufacturer but shall be such that thefinished fastener conforms to all the specified requirements.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 FormingUnless otherwise specified, the fastenersshall be cold formed, hot formed, or machined from suitablematerial, at the option of manufacturer.6.2.2 ThreadsUnless

28、otherwise specified, the threads shallbe rolled or cut, at the option of the manufacturer.6.2.3 ConditionThe fasteners shall be furnished in one ofthe following conditions and shall be agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser at the time of the inquiry andorder.Type Class ConditionI A A

29、, CWA, HWAI B H, HTI C A, CWA, HWAII . A, CWA, HWAIII A A,CWA,HWAIII B AH1, AH2 or AH3III C AH44Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.F2281 04 (2012)2ConditionA Machined from anneal

30、ed or solution-annealed stock thus re-taining the properties of the original materialCWA Cold formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock andthen re-annealedHWA Hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock and thenre-annealedH Hardened and tempered at 1050F (565C) minimumHT Hardened and t

31、empered at 525F (274C) minimumAH1 Solution treated at 1850F (1010C) and precipitation hard-ened (aging)AH2 Solution treated at 1700F (927C) and precipitation hardened(aging)AH3 Solution treated at 1850F (1010C) and double agedAH4 Solution treated at 1725F (941C) to 1850F (1010C) andprecipitation har

32、dened (aging)6.2.4 Heat Treatment:6.2.4.1 Condition A(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class A andType II ), shall be heated to 1850 to 1950F (1010 to 1066C),held for a sufficient time, then cooled at a rate sufficient toprevent the precipitation of carbides and to provide thespecified properties.6.2.4.2 Co

33、ndition A(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C), shallbe heated to 1400 to 1500F (760 to 816C), held for asufficient time, and then air cooled to provide the specifiedproperties.6.2.4.3 Condition A(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A), shallbe heated to 1600 to 1800F (871 to 982C), held for 10 to 15min, and eit

34、her water quenched or air cooled.6.2.4.4 Condition CWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be cold formed from annealed or solutionannealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution annealed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all cold working (includingheading and threading) has been co

35、mpleted.6.2.4.5 Condition CWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be cold formed from annealed or solution annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.2 after all cold working (including heading andthreading) has been completed.6.2.4.6 Condition CWA(Nickel Al

36、loy Type III Class A),shall be cold formed from annealed stock and then re-annealedin accordance with 6.2.4.3 after all cold working (includingheading and threading) has been completed.6.2.4.7 Condition HWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-a

37、nnealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution annealed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all hot forming has been com-pleted.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsComposition, % maximum except as shownAlloy Carbon Mang. Phos. Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Moly OtherType I, Class A, Heat Resisting A

38、ustenitic Grades304 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/10.5 1.00304L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/12.0 1.00316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00316L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00Type I, Class B, Heat Resisting Martensitic Grades410

39、0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5/13.5416 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0/14.0 0.60431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0/17.0 1.25/2.50Type1, Class C, Heat Resisting Ferritic Grades430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0430F 0.12 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 16.0/18.0 0.60Type II, Heat Resisting Austeni

40、tic Grades309 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0/24.0 12.0/15.0310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0/26.0 19.0/22.0321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0 9.0/12.0 Ti53Cmin330 0.08 2.00 0.030 0.030 0.75/1.50 17.0/20.0 34.0/37.0347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0 9.0/13.0 Cb + Ta10 3 CminType III, C

41、lass A, High Temperature, Nickel Alloy Grades600 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 14.0/17.0 72.0 min 0.50 Fe 6.0/10.0601 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 21.0/25.0 58.0/63.0 1.00 Al 1.0/1.7Fe remainderType III, Class B, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade660 0.08 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 13.5/16.0 24.0/27.0 1.00/1.

42、75 Ti 1.90/2.30V 0.10/0.50Al 0.35 maxB 0.003/0.010Fe remainderType III, Class C, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade718 0.08 0.35 0.015 0.015 0.35 17.0/21.0 50.0/55.0 0.30 2.80/3.30 Ti 0.65/1.15Co 1.00 maxAl 0.20/0.80B 0.006 maxCb + Ta 4.75/5.50Fe remainderF2281 04 (2012)36.2.4.8 Conditio

43、n HWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.2 after all hot forming has been completed.6.2.4.9 Condition HWA(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A),shall be hot formed from annealed or

44、solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.3 after all hot forming has been completed.6.2.4.10 Condition H(Martensitic Alloys Type I Class B),shall be hardened by heating to 1800 to 1900F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air or oil quenc

45、hed,then reheated to 1050F (565C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.11 Condition HT(Martensitic Alloys Type 1 ClassB), shall be hardened by heating to 1800 to 1900F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air or oil quenched,then reheated to 525F (2

46、74C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.12 Condition AH1(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1800 to 1900F(982 to 1038C), held for1hatheat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall be performed by hea

47、tingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.6.2.4.13 Condition AH2(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1650 to 1750F(899 to 954C), held for 2 h at heat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall

48、 be performed by heatingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.NOTE 1Condition AH1 results in increased rupture strength afteraging, while ConditionAH2 results in better ductility and higher hardness.6.2.4.14 Condition AH3(Precipitation Hardened All

49、oyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1800 to 1900F(982 to 1038C), held for1hatheat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall be performed by heatingto 1425 6 25F (775 6 14C) holding for 16 h at heat then aircooled. Heated again to 1200 6 25F (650 6 14C) holding for16 h at heat then air cooled.TABLE 2 Mechanical Property Requirements at Room TemperatureAlloyGradesCondition MarkingNominalDiameter, in.Full-Size TestsRockwellHardnessMachined Specimen TestsTensile Strength,mi