ASTM F2184-2002 Standard Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier Netting《彩弹球障碍网安装的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 2184 02An American National StandardStandard Guide forInstallation of Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2184; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended to outline installation requirements for the safe and effective installation ofpaintball barri

3、er netting. The proper installation of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.Paintball is a sport that, like all sports, has intrinsic hazards for the active participants. These hazardsinclude being hit

4、by paintballs. Spectators not separated from the active playing field by an appropriatebarrier can experience accidental impact of a paintball. Although surrounding an active playing fieldwith paintball barrier netting cannot eliminate all injuries, paintball barrier netting can substantiallyreduce

5、the severity and frequency of injuries when properly installed.This guide is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier netting technology. Theintent is to revise this guide whenever substantive information becomes available that justifies revisingexisting requirements or addin

6、g new requirements.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the installa-tion of paintball barrier netting that may be used to delineateplaying fields, chronograph areas, target ranges, and other“goggle-on” areas of an active paintball site.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be rega

7、rded as thestandard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practic

8、es and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintball3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 barrel, nthat portion of a paintball marker t

9、hroughwhich the paintball is discharged.3.1.2 billowing, nlateral movement of the netting thatmay occur from influence of the wind.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the barrel at which the ball exitsthe barrel.3.1.4 paintball, na spherical ball, commonly with a diam-eter of 17.3 mm (0.68 in.), composed of a

10、 shell and a fill, thatis designed to be expelled from a paintball marker andconforms to Specification F 1979.3.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sportof paintball as a protective barrier.3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed todischarge paintballs. The device is

11、sometimes referred to as apaintball gun.3.1.7 SAT (Standard Ambient Temperature), nused todescribe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally ofgelatin) that encapsulates the fill of a paintball.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide reco

12、mmends minimum installation require-ments to provide a reasonable degree of safety in the normaluse of paintball barrier netting.5. General Requirements5.1 Layout (see Fig. 1):5.1.1 Paintball barrier netting shall be installed not closerthan 6.10 6 0.15 m (20.0 6 0.5 ft) from the playing fieldbounda

13、ry line.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.24 onPaintball and Equipment.Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published June 2002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w

14、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1

15、.1.1 If the 6.10 6 0.15 m (20.0 6 0.5 ft) buffer zonecannot be respected due to space constraints, the netting mustconform to 5.2.1 at the distance of closest approach.5.1.2 A spectator exclusion zone will extend a minimum of0.61 6 0.15 m (2.0 6 0.5 ft) beyond the paintball barriernetting allowing f

16、or billowing.5.2 Paintball Barrier Netting Performance:5.2.1 At the point of closest approach as defined in 5.1 andupon discharge of a paintball from a paintball marker, thepaintball barrier netting must prevent an intact paintball frompassing the paintball barrier netting and shall not allow shellf

17、ragments larger than 3 3 5 mm (0.118 3 0.197 in.) to pass thepaintball barrier netting.5.3 Installation:5.3.1 Netting should be installed in a manner that substan-tially reduces the likelihood of a paintball injuring spectators orplayers located in areas where eye protection is not required.Recommen

18、ded practices include and are not limited to:5.3.1.1 Where top enclosures are not used or available,netting shall be a minimum of 3.7 m (12 ft) high. The use ofberms is allowed as a barrier. The combined height of the bermand netting should be a minimum of 3.7 m (12 ft) above theplaying surface. If

19、spectators are allowed to stand on the berm,the netting must extend a minimum of 2.1 m (7 ft) from the topof the berm.5.3.1.2 Vertical supports for netting shall be of sufficientstrength and length to support netting in condition that it is tobe used (for example, indoors, outdoors with breeze, etc.

20、).5.3.1.3 Vertical supports should be spaced not more than 7.66 0.15 m (25.0 6 0.5 ft) apart.5.3.1.4 Netting sag between vertical supports should notexceed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1 in.).(1) The use of a 0.95-cm (38-in.) steel cable or equivalentstrung across the top of the vertical supports through eye

21、boltswith a 5-cm (2-in.) inside diameter (ID) will reduce sagbetween the vertical supports.5.3.1.5 If netting traverses a vertical support, it should bekept a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) from the support to reducewear on the net and mounted on the interior of the verticalsupports (see Fig. 2).5.3.1.6 T

22、he bottom of the net should be secured to reducethe ability to lift the netting between the vertical supports.(1) The use of a 0.95-cm (38-in.) steel cable or equivalentstrung across the bottom of the vertical supports througheyebolts with a 5-cm (2-in.) ID is effective in reducing lift.(2) The use

23、of pegs spaced 61.0 6 2.5 cm (24 6 1 in.) apartand extending a minimum of 15.2 cm (6 in.) into the ground orequivalent will reduce lifting of the bottom of the net.5.3.1.7 Sufficient means of fastening the netting to the topand bottom horizontal supports are required.(1) Tie-wraps or equivalent spac

24、ed 15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1in.) can be used.5.3.1.8 Where cables or ropes are used in the installation,the use of turnbuckles to tension cables or ropes is recom-mended.5.3.1.9 Billowing of the netting should be reduced. The useof a 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) nylon rope or equivalent can bezigzagged across the

25、netting. One cable should pass on theinterior of the field while the second passes in an oppositedirection on the exterior of the field (see Fig. 3).5.4 Entrances:5.4.1 Entrances to the playing field shall be designed toprevent a paintball from passing through in a straight line.5.4.2 A recommended

26、configuration is a zigzag (see Fig. 4).5.5 Joints:5.5.1 All joints shall consist of a rolled or bunched jointconsisting of netting overlapped by a minimum of 15.2 6 1cm(6 6 0.5 in.) and be fastened with tie-wraps or equivalent at15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1 in.) intervals (see Figs. 5-7).5.6 Repairs:5.6.1 R

27、epairs to the netting shall consist of patches thatextend 15.2 6 2.5 cm (6 6 1 in.) in all directions and arefastened to the inside of the netting with tie-wraps or equiva-lents at 7.6 6 1cm(36 0.5 in.) intervals (see Fig. 8).6. Keywords6.1 paintball; paintball sports; paintball markers; paintballba

28、rrier nettingFIG. 1 Playing Field LayoutF2184022FIG. 2 Mounting Side ViewFIG. 3 Mounting Front ViewFIG. 4 Zigzag EntranceFIG. 5 Preparation to JoinFIG. 6 Finished Joint (Front View)FIG. 7 Finished Joint (Top View)F2184023FIG. 8 Repair ExampleASTM International takes no position respecting the validi

29、ty of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subjec

30、t to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarte

31、rs. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard

32、is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F2184024