ASTM F818-2016 Standard Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms and Barriers《有关泄漏相应杆和屏障的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: F818 16Standard Terminology Relating toSpill Response Booms and Barriers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This document defines the terminology used in the fieldof spill response barriers. Only those terms commonly used orpeculiar to this field have b

3、een included; no attempt has beenmade to list all terms used. Where a second term is in commonuse, “aka” is used to mean “also known as.”1.2 Design, engineering, and performance terms are listedseparately: design terminology (3.1), engineering terminology(3.2), and performance terminology (3.3).1.3

4、Guidance on minimum dimensions and performancespecifications for booms is provided in Guide F1523.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill ControlSystemsF1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWater Body Classifications3. Terminolog

5、y3.1 Design TerminologyTerms associated with Spill Re-sponse Design:Generalboomfloating mechanical barrier used to control the move-ment of substances that float.boom sectionlength of boom between two end connectors.boom segmentrepetitive identical portion of the boomsection.Typesbottom-tension boom

6、boom with tension member locatedalong the bottom of the skirt.calm water boomboom intended for use in calm waters (seePractice F625 for environmental descripters).“curtain type” boomboom consisting of a flexible skirtsupported by flotation.“fence type” boomboom consisting of a self-supporting orstif

7、fened membrane supported by flotation.fire resistant boom (aka fire containment boom) boomintended for containment of burning oil slicks.ice boomboom intended for use in ice-infested waters,designed to withstand effects of ice contact.inflatable boomboom that uses inflated gas-filled chambersas the

8、flotation.open water boom boom intended for use in open waters(see Practice F625 for environmental descripters).permanent boomboom intended for long-term or perma-nent deployment.protected water boomboom intended for use in protectedwaters with moderate environmental conditions (see PracticeF625 for

9、 environmental descripters).river boom (aka fast water boom)boom intended for use incurrents greater than 1 knot.sorbent boomsorbent material contained or arranged in theform of a long cylinder.weir boom (aka skimming boom/barrier)boom that has aweir skimming device(s) built into its face.Special Pu

10、rpose Barriersair bubble barrierspecial-purpose barrier created by risingstream of air bubbles and entrained water, produced byinjecting air at some depth below water surface.bermsa barrier for spills on land constructed of availablematerials such as earth, gravel, or snow.ice slottingin order to co

11、ntain oil spilled under river ice, aslot is cut through the ice transverse to the direction of flow,capturing oil and preventing it from moving downstream.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility

12、ofSubcommittee F20.11 on Control.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F818 93(2009). DOI:10.1520/F0818-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service

13、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1net boomspecial purpose boom in which all or par

14、t of themembrane material is netting.plunging water jet barrierspecial purpose barrier createdby a series of coherent streams of water directed verticallydownward into a body of water.shore seal boomboom that, when grounded, seals againstthe shoreline.silt barrierboom with very deep skirt used to co

15、ntrol themovement of suspended sediments.special purpose boomboom that departs from the generalcharacteristics of “fence type” and “curtain type” booms,either in design or intended use.submersible boomboom that normally resides on the seabedand is positioned by inflating with air, causing it to rise

16、 to thewater surface.water jet barrierbarrier created by stream of pressurizedwater spray directed across the water surface.underflow damsa barrier for spills in creeks, in which a damis created and includes a pipe below the water level to allowthe passage of water while still preventing the flow of

17、 oil onthe surface. The upstream end of the pipe is submerged andthe downstream end of the pipe is elevated.Componentsaccessoriesoptional mechanical devices used on or in con-junction with a boom system but not included with the basicboom and end connector; for example, lights, paravanes,drogues, bu

18、oys, anchor systems, storage bags, boxes or reels,bulkhead connectors or repair kits, and so forth.anchor pointstructural point on the end connector or alongthe length of a boom section designed for the attachment ofanchor or mooring lines.ancillary equipmentmechanical devices essential to theoperat

19、ion of a given boom system; for example, air pumps,hydraulic power supplies, control manifolds, and so forth.ballastweight applied to the skirt to improve boom perfor-mance.bridledevice attached to a boom to distribute the loadexerted by towing or anchoring the boom.buoyancy chamber (aka flotation c

20、hamber)enclosed com-partment of air or other buoyant material providing flotationfor the boom.end connectordevice permanently attached to the boomused for joining boom sections to one aother or to otheraccessory devices.external flotation (aka outboard flotation)flotation ele-ment located external t

21、o the boom membrane.external tensionexternal tension member separated from theboom membrane by bridles.finportion of the boom membrane above the float.floatseparable component of a boom that provides buoy-ancy.flotationportion of a boom that provides buoyancy.handholdany strap, handle, depression, o

22、r other provisionfor grasping the boom by hand.hingelocation between boom segments at which the boomcan be folded back 180 upon itself.internal flotationflotation element located within the boommembrane.lifting pointstructural point on the end connector or alongthe length of a boom section designed

23、for the attachment ofa lifting device, such as a crane.membranecontinuous portion of a boom that serves as abarrier to the movement of a substance.pressure inflatedinflatable boom that requires pressurizedgas for its flotation.self-inflatingboom that automatically inflates as it is de-ployed.skirtco

24、ntinuous portion of the boom below the floats.solid flotationboom that uses solid buoyant material for theflotation element.stiffenercomponent that provides support to the membrane.tension memberany component that carries horizontal(axial) tension loads imposed upon the boom.Characteristicsboom weig

25、htdry weight of a fully assembled boom sectionincluding end pactibilitymeasure of a booms storage volume per unitlength (m3/m).draftminimum vertical depth of the membrane below thewater line.freeboardminimum vertical height of the boom above thewaterline.heightsum of draft and freeboard.maximum draf

26、tmaximum vertical dimension of the boombelow the water line.overall heightmaximum vertical dimension of boom.3.2 Engineering TerminologyTerms associated with SpillBarrier Engineering:catenary drag forceload imposed on a boom, deployed in acatenary configuration, resulting from towing, current,and/or

27、 wind forces.current responsechange in freeboard or draft due to currentforces acting to displace the boom from rest.gross buoyancyweight of fresh water displaced by a boomtotally submerged.F818 162gross buoyancy to weight ratiogross buoyancy divided byboom weight.heave responseability of the boom t

28、o react to the verticalmotion of the water surface.maximum dynamic loadsum of all instantaneous dynamicloads including those due to acceleration, wave forces, andso forth.reserve buoyancygross buoyancy minus boom weight.reserve buoyancy to weight ratioreserve buoyancy dividedby boom weight.roll resp

29、onserotation of the boom from rest due to wave,wind, or current forces.straight line drag forcesload on a boom that results fromtowing it from one end.wind responsechange in freeboard or draft due to windforce acting to displace the boom from rest.3.3 Performance TerminologyTerms associated with Spi

30、llResponse Barrier Performance:apex (aka pocket)pocket formed at the downstream end ofa U, V, J, or W shaped configuration.boom planingheeling over of a boom and loss of draft.boom submergence (aka submarining)containment failuredue to loss of freeboard.bridging failureportions of a boom emerging fr

31、om thewater due to poor wave conformance, with resulting con-tainment failure.catenary configuration (aka “U,” “J” configuration)booming configuration formed by towing or anchoring eachend of a length of boom, resulting in a characteristic“ U” or“J” shape.cascading boomsbooming configuration formed

32、by posi-tioning two or more booms in a deflection mode such thatsuccessive booms progressively move oil to the desired area.chevron configurationbooming configuration used in nar-row watercourses, formed by positioning two lengths ofboom in a deflection mode, the leading end of each length ispositio

33、ned in the middle of the watercourse and the trailingends lead to opposite shores.conformanceability of a boom to maintain freeboard anddraft when subjected to a given set of environmentalconditions.containment modeplacement of a boom to prevent freemovement of a floating substance.deploymentplacing

34、 a boom in the water and making itoperational.diversion modeplacement of a boom to redirect the move-ment of a floating substance.drainage loss oil accumulating and pooling against theboom skirt and escaping with the flow of water down andalong the skirt.entrainment lossoil droplets escaping with th

35、e flow of waterdiverted under the skirt.exclusion boomingplacement of a boom to protect an areafrom the entry of a floating substance.first-loss tow/current velocityminimum tow/current veloc-ity normal to the membrane at which oil escapes past aboom.gap ratiosweep width divided by boom length.loss r

36、aterate at which oil is lost past a boom (m3/h).performanceability of a boom to contain or deflect oil undera given set of environmental conditions.retrievalremoving a deployed boom from the water.splashoveroil splashing over a booms freeboard.stabilityresistance to overturning moment.sweep width (a

37、ka swath)width intercepted by a boom incollection mode, the projected distance between the ends ofa boom deployed in a “U,” “V,” or “J” configuration.sweeping modemovement of a boom relative to the waterfor the purpose of controlling or collecting a floatingsubstance.towingtransporting a boom from o

38、ne place to another bypulling from one end.vortex lossoil escaping past a boom due to drainage vorticesproduced at the boom.“J” configurationboom positioned in a “J” shape.“U” configuration (aka catenary configuration) boompositioned in a “U” shape.“V” configurationboom positioned in a “V” shape.“W”

39、 configuration (aka “3” configuration)boom posi-tioned in a “W” shape.F818 163ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valid

40、ity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comme

41、nts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have n

42、ot received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple co

43、pies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 164