ASTM F2084 F2084M-2001(2018) Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments.pdf

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1、Designation: F2084/F2084M 01 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forCollecting Containment Boom Performance Data inControlled Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2084/F2084M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the

2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness offull-scale oil spill containment

3、 booms in a controlled testfacility.1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that maybe considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessarypermits for disposal of the used test oil.1.3 The values stated in either SI uni

4、ts or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does no

5、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international s

6、tandard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2

7、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD1298 Test Met

8、hod for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-tomatic Transmission Fluids

9、, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-cants using a Rotational ViscometerD4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Pe

10、rformance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms andBarriers3. Terminology3.1 Boom Performance Data TerminologyTerms associ-ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlledenvironments:3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)containmentfailure due to

11、loss of freeboard.3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocityminimum tow/currentvelocity normal to the membrane at which oil continuallyescapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenaryposition.3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocitythe minimum speed atwhich massive continual oil loss is observed

12、 escaping past theboom.3.1.4 harbor chopa condition of the water surface pro-duced by an irregular pattern of waves.3.1.5 preloadduring testing, the quantity of test fluiddistributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to theonset of a test.3.1.6 tow speedthe relative speed difference betwee

13、n aboom and the water in which the boom is floating. In thisstandard guide relative current speed is equivalent.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition

14、approved April 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2084 01(2012)1.DOI: 10.1520/F2084_F2084M-01R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book

15、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize

16、d principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.7 wave height(significant wave height) the averageheight, measur

17、ed crest to trough, of the one-third highestwaves, considering only short-period waves (that is, period lessthan 10 s).3.1.8 wave period(significant wave period) the averageperiod of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsedtime between crests of succeeding waves.4. Significance and Use4.

18、1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determinethe oil containment effectiveness of containment booms whenthey are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions.The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boomfirst loses oil (both in calm water and in various waveconditions

19、), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a grossoil loss condition (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditionsfor various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies,(qualitatively), resulting tow forces when encountering variousspeeds and wave

20、 conditions, identifies towing ability at highspeeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relativeto its hardware (that is, connectors, ballast members), andgeneral durability.4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boomdraft to tank depth can affect test results, in particul

21、ar the towloads (see Appendix X1 discussion).4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment,required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil-ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are notmeasured in this guide. These variables should be consideredalong with the

22、test data when making comparisons or evalua-tions of containment booms.5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of aparticular booms attributes in different environmental condi-tions and the ability to compare test

23、results of a particular boomtype with others having undergone these standard tests.5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boomcan effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundaryconditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these cond

24、itions may beless effective. The boundary conditions depend on the charac-teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension andoil/water density gradient.6. Test Facilities6.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct thetests outlined in this guide:6.1.1 Wave/Tow TankA wave/to

25、w tank has a movablebridge or other mechanism for towing the test device throughwater for the length of the facility. A wave generator may beinstalled on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.6.1.2 Current TankA current tank is a water-filled tankequipped with a pump or other propulsion s

26、ystem for movingthe water through a test section where the test device ismounted.Awave generator may be installed on this type of testfacility.6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, mayalso be used, provided the test parameters can be suitablycontrolled.6.2 Ancillary systems for fa

27、cilities include, but are notlimited to a distribution system for accurately delivering testfluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist incleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage forstoring the test fluids.7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation7.1 The boom should be r

28、igged in a catenary configuration,with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to-length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally supplied by themanufacturer for both ends of the boom which provideattachment points for towing (Fig. 1).At each end of the boom,the towing apparatus shall be

29、joined to the tow bridle or towlead by a single point only. Boom towing force should bemeasured with in-line load cells positioned between the boomtowing bridles and tow points.7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boomapex.7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-cal

30、ly collected data and manually collected data. Oil and waterproperty data should be based on fluid samples obtained duringFIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in TankF2084/F2084M 01 (2018)2the test period. Recommended data to be collected duringtesting, along with the method of collection, is listed in Ta

31、ble1.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, butshould be stable and have properties that do not vary during atest run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected tofall within the range of typical oil properties as defined inAppendix X2 of this guide.8.2 Test fl

32、uids should be discharged at ambient watertemperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through atest run.9. Safety Precautions9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (andregulatory) requirements for both test facility operations andoil handling. Particular caution must be exer

33、cised when han-dling flammable or toxic test fluids.10. Test Variables10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlledtest parameters should be selected. The test evaluator shouldinclude a discussion of the procedures that were used toestablish calibration and standardization. These proce

34、durestypically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-testchecks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-ability. Table 2 contains a list of typical measurements

35、 showingattainable precision and accuracy values.10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed duringtesting. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled testenvironments are:10.3.1 CalmNo waves generated.10.3.2 Wave #1sinusoidal wave w

36、ith an H13 of .30 metres12.0 inches, wavelength of 4.27 metres 14.0 feet, and anaverage period of t=1.7 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.3 Wave #2Sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .42 metres16.5 inches, wavelength of 12.8 metres 42.0 feet,

37、and anaverage period of t=2.9 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.4 Wave #3A harbor chop condition with an averageH13 of .38 metres 15.0 inches. This is also defined as aconfused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed todevelop. N

38、o wavelength is calculated for this condition.where:H13 = significant wave height = the average of the highest13of measured waves,L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from troughto trough (or peak to peak), andT = wave period = the time it takes to travel onewavelength.11. Procedures11.1 Pri

39、or to the test, select the operating parameters, thenprepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.Measure the experimental conditions.11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be afull-scale representative section. The boom sections basicphysical properties should be measured in a

40、ccordance withASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-ments and additional specification data.11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test thefollowing parameters:11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During TestsDataTypicalInstrumentationCollectionM

41、ethodWind Speed,DirectionWind Monitor Computer/DataLogger,Manual ReadingsAir and WaterTemperatureResistanceTemperatureDetector (RTD),Themocouples,ThermometerComputer/DataLogger,Manual ReadingsTowSpeed/RelativeCurrentPulse Counter andDigital InputTachometer, CurrentMeterComputer, ControlConsole, Loca

42、l DisplayWave Data Distance Sensor,Capacitance probe,Pressure SensorComputer/Data loggerTow Force,Average(Maximumduring WaveConditions)Load Cell Computer/Data loggerTest Fluid(VolumeDistributed)Storage Tank LevelSoundings, orDistanceSensor and capacityvs.Volume ConversionsComputer/DataLogger,Manual

43、ReadingsDistribution Rate Positive DisplacementPump with SpeedIndicator, VolumeDistributed Divided byTimePump Control Panel,Computer/DataLogger,Manual ReadingsEditorially corrected.TABLE 2 Measurement Precision and AccuracyMeasurement Accuracy () Precision ()Bottom solids andWaterTo be determined(AS

44、TM)To be determined(ASTM)Oil Distribution 0.3 m3/h 0.05 m3/hSalinity 0.01000 0.01000Specific Gravity,Density0.001 g/cm30.0001 g/cm3Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cmTemperature 0.2C 0.2CTow, CurrentSpeeds (Tank/Openwater)0.051 m/s (0.1 kt)/0.255 m/s (0.5 kt)0.0255 m/s (0.05 kt)/0.102 m/s (0.2

45、kt)Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbsViscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %Wave Meter,(Tank/Open Water)6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mmWind Direction 3 3Wind Speed 0.3 m/s 0.6 mph 0.3 m/s 0.6 mphF2084/F2084M 01 (2018)311.2.2 Air and water temperature.11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain,overcast

46、, sunny, etc.11.2.4 The test fluid used for testing should be characterizedfrom samples taken each time the storage tank is filled. As aminimum, the test fluid should be analyzed for viscosity,surface and interfacial tension, specific gravity and bottomsolids and water. The results of each analysis

47、as presented inTable 2 will be reported.11.2.5 Periodic samples of the test basin water should betaken to monitor the water properties to include oil and grease,salinity, and turbidity.11.3 Place the containment boom in the test basin (Fig. 1).Confirm that rigging has been in accordance with manufac

48、turerspecifications. Document set-up conditions, for example, towbridle elevation, boom gap opening, and/or general rigging.Start the oil distribution system, tow mechanism or water flow(if necessary) to begin the test run. The following test param-eters will be performed as outlined in Table 4.11.3

49、.1 The test starts with a Dry Run to confirm theequipment has been properly rigged and all data collectioninstrumentation is functioning.11.3.2 The Dry Run is followed by Preload test runs.Preload tests determine the minimum volume of test fluidnecessary for a containment boom to display loss byentrainment, and simultaneously determine the volume of testfluid a boom holds until the addition of fluid has a “minimal”effect on the first loss tow speed. As preload volumes areincreased, there is a volume at which the addition of test fluid