ASTM F2084 F2084M-2001(2012)e1 Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments《受控环境中安全壳吊杆性能数据采集的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F2084/F2084M 01 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Guide forCollecting Containment Boom Performance Data inControlled Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2084/F2084M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the

2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made in Sections 4, 7, 11, and Table 2.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers th

3、e evaluation of the effectiveness offull-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled testfacility.1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that maybe considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessarypermits for

4、disposal of the used test oil.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may

5、result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulato

6、ry requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by

7、 the Ring MethodD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperat

8、ure Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Perform

9、ance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers3. Terminology3.1 Boom Performance Data TerminologyTerms associ-ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlledenvironments:3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)containmentfailure due to loss of freebo

10、ard.3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocityminimum tow/currentvelocity normal to the membrane at which oil continuallyescapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenaryposition.3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocitythe minimum speedat which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping past

11、the boom.3.1.4 harbor chopa condition of the water surface pro-duced by an irregular pattern of waves.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition approved M

12、ay 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2084 01(2007)2.DOI: 10.1520/F2084_F2084M-01R12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS

13、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.5 preloadduring testing, the quantity of test fluiddistributed in front of and contained

14、 by the boom prior to theonset of a test.3.1.6 tow speedthe relative speed difference between aboom and the water in which the boom is floating. In thisstandard guide relative current speed is equivalent.3.1.7 wave height(significant wave height) the averageheight, measured crest to trough, of the o

15、ne-third highestwaves, considering only short-period waves (i.e., period lessthan 10 s).3.1.8 wave period(significant wave period) the averageperiod of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsedtime between crests of succeeding waves.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide defines a series o

16、f test methods to determinethe oil containment effectiveness of containment booms whenthey are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions.The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boomfirst loses oil (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), the tow speed at which the b

17、oom reaches a grossoil loss condition (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditionsfor various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (quali-tatively), resulting tow forces when encountering variousspeeds and wave conditions, identifies towin

18、g ability at highspeeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relativeto its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and generaldurability.4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boomdraft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the towloads (see Appendix X1

19、 discussion).4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment,required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil-ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are notmeasured in this guide. These variables should be consideredalong with the test data when making comparison

20、s or evalua-tions of containment booms.5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of aparticular booms attributes in different environmental condi-tions and the ability to compare test results of a particular boomtype

21、 with others having undergone these standard tests.5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boomcan effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundaryconditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may beless effective. The

22、 boundary conditions depend on the charac-teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension andoil/water density gradient.6. Test Facilities6.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct thetests outlined in this guide:6.1.1 Wave/Tow TankA wave/tow tank has a movablebridge or ot

23、her mechanism for towing the test device throughwater for the length of the facility. A wave generator may beinstalled on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.6.1.2 Current TankA current tank is a water-filled tankequipped with a pump or other propulsion system for movingthe water throug

24、h a test section where the test device ismounted.Awave generator may be installed on this type of testfacility.6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, mayalso be used, provided the test parameters can be suitablycontrolled.6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are notlim

25、ited to a distribution system for accurately delivering testfluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist incleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage forstoring the test fluids.7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuratio

26、n,with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to-length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally supplied by themanufacturer for both ends of the boom which provideattachment points for towing (Fig. 1).At each end of the boom,the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or towl

27、ead by a single point only. Boom towing force should bemeasured with in-line load cells positioned between the boomtowing bridles and tow points.7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boomapex.7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-cally collected data and manually c

28、ollected data. Oil and waterFIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in TankF2084/F2084M 01 (2012)12property data should be based on fluid samples obtained duringthe test period. Recommended data to be collected duringtesting, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table1.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test flu

29、ids may be crude, refined, or simulated, butshould be stable and have properties that do not vary during atest run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected tofall within the range of typical oil properties as defined inAppendix X2 of this guide.8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at am

30、bient watertemperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through atest run.9. Safety Precautions9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (andregulatory) requirements for both test facility operations andoil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-dling flammable

31、or toxic test fluids.10. Test Variables10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlledtest parameters should be selected. The test evaluator shouldinclude a discussion of the procedures that were used toestablish calibration and standardization. These procedurestypically include initial

32、calibrations, pre-test and post-testchecks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-ability. Table 2 contains a list of typical measurements showingattainable precision an

33、d accuracy values.10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed duringtesting. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled testenvironments are:10.3.1 CalmNo waves generated.10.3.2 Wave #1sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .30 metres12.0 in

34、ches, wavelength of 4.27 metres 14.0 feet, and anaverage period of t=1.7 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.3 Wave #2Sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .42 metres16.5 inches, wavelength of 12.8 metres 42.0 feet, and anaverage period of t=2.9 s

35、econds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.4 Wave #3A harbor chop condition with an averageH13 of .38 metres 15.0 inches. This is also defined as aconfused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed todevelop. No wavelength is calculated for

36、this condition.where:H13 = significant wave height = the average of the highest13of measured waves,L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from troughto trough (or peak to peak), andT = wave period = the time it takes to travel one wave-length.11. Procedures11.1 Prior to the test, select the op

37、erating parameters, thenprepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.Measure the experimental conditions.11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be afull-scale representative section. The boom sections basicphysical properties should be measured in accordance withASTM definition

38、s. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-ments and additional specification data.11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test thefollowing parameters:11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.11.2.2 Air and water temperature.11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-cast, sunny, etc.

39、TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During TestsDataTypicalInstrumentationCollectionMethodWind Speed,DirectionWind Monitor Computer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsAir and WaterTemperatureResistance TemperatureDetector (RTD),Themocouples,ThermometerComputer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsTowSpeed/RelativeCurrentP

40、ulse Counter andDigital InputTachometer, CurrentMeterComputer, ControlConsole, Local DisplayWave Data Distance Sensor,Capacitance probe,Pressure SensorComputer/Data loggerTow Force,Average(Maximumduring WaveConditions)Load Cell Computer/Data loggerTest Fluid(VolumeDistributed)Storage Tank LevelSound

41、ings, or DistanceSensor and capacity vs.Volume ConversionsComputer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsDistribution Rate Positive DisplacementPump with SpeedIndicator, VolumeDistributed Divided byTimePump Control Panel,Computer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsEditorially corrected.TABLE 2 Measurement Precision an

42、d AccuracyMeasurement Accuracy (6) Precision (6)Bottom solids andWaterTo be determined(ASTM)To be determined(ASTM)Oil Distribution 0.3 m3/h 0.05 m3/hSalinity 0.01000 0.01000Specific Gravity,Density0.001 g/cm30.0001 g/cm3Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cmTemperature 0.2C 0.2CTow, CurrentSpeeds

43、(Tank/Openwater)0.051 m/s (0.1 kt)/0.255 m/s (0.5 kt)0.0255 m/s (0.05 kt)/0.102 m/s (0.2 kt)Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbsViscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %Wave Meter,(Tank/Open Water)6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mmWind Direction 3 3Wind Speed 0.3 m/s 0.6 mph 0.3 m/s 0.6 mphF2084/F2084M 01 (2012)1311.2

44、.4 The test fluid used for testing should be characterizedfrom samples taken each time the storage tank is filled. As aminimum, the test fluid should be analyzed for viscosity,surface and interfacial tension, specific gravity and bottomsolids and water. The results of each analysis as presented inTa

45、ble 2 will be reported.11.2.5 Periodic samples of the test basin water should betaken to monitor the water properties to include oil and grease,salinity, and turbidity.11.3 Place the containment boom in the test basin (Fig. 1).Confirm that rigging has been in accordance with manufacturerspecificatio

46、ns. Document set-up conditions, for example, towbridle elevation, boom gap opening, and/or general rigging.Start the oil distribution system, tow mechanism or water flow(if necessary) to begin the test run. The following test param-eters will be performed as outlined in Table 4.11.3.1 The test start

47、s with a Dry Run to confirm theequipment has been properly rigged and all data collectioninstrumentation is functioning.11.3.2 The Dry Run is followed by Preload test runs.Preload tests determine the minimum volume of test fluidnecessary for a containment boom to display loss by entrain-ment, and si

48、multaneously determine the volume of test fluid aboom holds until the addition of fluid has a “minimal” effect onthe first loss tow speed. As preload volumes are increased,there is a volume at which the addition of test fluid will notchange the first loss tow speed (test fluid/water interfaceentrain

49、ment speed). This test is performed in calm waterconditions and establishes a baseline preload fluid volume.This baseline containment performance serves as a datum fromwhich improved or diminished containment performance canbe measured when encountering other test conditions.11.3.2.1 The preload volume is determined by performing aseries of first loss tests. Beginning with a nominal preloadvolume, the first loss tow speed is identified. Underwatervisibility is essential when identifying loss speeds. The preloadvolume is increased a