ASTM F1776-2016 Standard Specification for Eye Protective Devices for Paintball Sports《彩弹球运动眼部保护装置的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1776 16 An American National StandardStandard Specification forEye Protective Devices for Paintball Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis is the specification for eye, face, and head protective devices, or EHPD, to be used in the sportof pain

3、tball. Paintball is a sport that, like all sports, has intrinsic hazards. These hazards include beinghit by paintballs. Protective equipment cannot eliminate all injuries but will substantially reduce theirseverity and frequency. Participation in this sport by a player implies acceptance of injury r

4、isk. Thegoal of protective equipment is to minimize the risk of injury.Performance requirements are presented and are intended to minimize injury with minimalimpairment of the form and appeal of the sport. This specification is subject to revision as indicatedby subsequent injury statistics.The impa

5、ct requirements are designed to give eye, adnexa of eye, and head protection frompaintball impacts likely to be encountered under game conditions. While the EHPD also may protectthe user from other potential impacts, such as running into tree branches, there are many conceivableimpacts, including fa

6、lls from heights, which could exceed the specification and result in eye injurydespite the use of the EHPD.1. Scope1.1 This specification applies to eye, face, and head protec-tive devices, designed for use by players of the sport ofpaintball, which minimize or significantly reduce injury to theeye,

7、 adnexa of eye, face, and head due to paintball impact orpenetration, or both.1.2 EHPDs by nature provide three types of protection. Thefirst type of protection is for the eyes and adnexa of eye and notnecessarily for any other parts of the face or head. The secondtype of protection adds coverage fo

8、r the ears and face. Thethird type of coverage adds cranial coverage in addition to thatprovided to types II and III. These coverage types are definedin Section 8.1.3 This specification does not limit the wearing of eye-glasses or contact lenses when used in conjunction with theEHPD.1.4 The values s

9、tated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety

10、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1027 Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Re-sistance of Glazed Ceramic TileD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsF8

11、03 Specification for Eye Protectors for Selected SportsF1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintballF2272 Specification for Paintball Markers2.2 ANSI Standards:ANSI Z80.3 Requirements for Nonprescription Sunglassesand Fashion Eyewear3ANSI Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educat

12、ional Eyeand Face Protectors31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.57 on Eye Safety for Sports.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published November 2016. Origi

13、nallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F1776 14. DOI:10.1520/F1776-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume

14、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 CSA Standard:4CSA Z2

15、62.6-02 Specifications for Facially Featured Head-forms2.4 EN Standard:5EN 168 Personal Eye Protection Non-Optical Test Method- Section 17 Headforms2.5 Federal Standards:6No. 406No. 30223. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 adnexa, nadjunct parts of the eye, includin

16、g theorbit, orbital contents, eyelids, and the lacrimal apparatus.3.1.2 astigmatism, na condition in a lens that creates twoaxially separated line foci of each object point, the lines beingmutually perpendicular. In other words, the lens has twodifferent refractive powers in meridians that are 90 ap

17、art.3.1.3 base-in, adjrelating to the type of prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of light passing through anEHPD, spaced apart by the interpupillary distance, to con-verge.3.1.4 base-out, adjrelating to the type of prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of light passing throu

18、gh anEHPD, spaced apart by the interpupillary distance, to diverge.3.1.5 binocular, adjrelating to the field of view that isshared by both eyes simultaneously.3.1.6 caliber, nthe term used to refer to the size of apaintball projectile. Related to the measurement of the diam-eter of the paintball.3.1

19、.7 central viewing zone, nthat part of a lens that has itscenter in line with the wearers line of sight when lookingstraight ahead. The zone is circular in shape. For the purpose ofthis specification, it shall be considered to be 38 mm indiameter. The center of the central viewing zone shall be thep

20、oint of intersection of the line of sight with the lens asmounted on the headform, specified by the manufacturer.3.1.8 cleanable, adjthe ability of an EHPD to be madereadily free of dirt or grime without being damaged during anappropriate cleaning process, such as the use of soap and water.3.1.9 cor

21、neal apex, nThe most anterior point of the corneawhen the eye is in the primary position.3.1.10 coverage, nthose areas of the eye, face, and head ascovered by the EHPD as defined in 8.3.3.1.11 definition, optical, nthe characteristic of a lens thatallows separate distinct points in close proximity t

22、o be dis-cerned when looking through the lens.3.1.12 dislodge, vremove or force an object from itsoriginal position.3.1.13 eye, nrelating to the eye of the headform or the eyeof a person wearing an EHPD or that part of an EHPD throughwhich a wearers eye would normally look.3.1.14 eye of the headform

23、, nall structures containedwithin the orbital rim of the specified headform.3.1.15 EHPD, ndevice that provides protection to thewearers eyes, face, and head against paintball impact orpenetration, or both.3.1.16 haze, nthe fraction of the total transmitted lightfrom a normally incident beam that is

24、not transmitted in afocused condition but scattered by inclusions or surface de-fects. Excessive haze will reduce contrast and visibility.3.1.17 headform, nas utilized within this standard for theas-worn assessment of EHPDs, key dimensions of which are asprovided in CSA Z262.6-02 or EN 168.3.1.18 le

25、ns, ntransparent part of an EHPD through whichthe wearer normally sees.3.1.18.1 DiscussionThe most common configurations forlenses are single pane and thermal double pane. Thermaldouble pane lenses are usually constructed from a single panelens which has a second clear airtight thermal barrier affix

26、ed toit to reduce the effects of lens fogging. Some lenses also aretreated with chemical solutions to reduce lens fogging.3.1.19 lens retention component(s), ncomponents, sepa-rate from the lens, that are designed to retain the lens in theframe or body of the EHPD.3.1.20 luminous transmittance, nlum

27、inous transmittanceis a function of the spectral transmittance of the lens weightedby the corresponding ordinates of the photopic luminousefficiency distribution of the CIE (1931) standard colorimetricobserver and by the spectral intensity of standard IlluminationC (see ANSI Z80.3).3.1.21 paintball,

28、 nspherical ball, comprised of a shell anda fill manufactured in accordance with the requirements ofSpecification F1979 and designed to be expelled from apaintball marker.3.1.22 paintball fragment, na part of the shell of thepaintball that will not be surrounded completely bya3by5-mm rectangle.3.1.2

29、3 paintball marker, ndevice specifically designed todischarge paintballs which conforms with Specification F2272.3.1.24 orbital area, nthe area contained in a circle r =20-mm centered on the pupil of the specified headform.3.1.25 power imbalance, na condition that exists when therefractive power cre

30、ated by the right lens of the EHPD isdifferent from that of the left lens.3.1.26 prism, nthe angular deviation of a ray of light as itpasses through a lens resulting from the angle at which the raystrikes each surface of the lens and the index of refraction ofthe material from which it is made.3.1.2

31、7 prism imbalance:3.1.27.1 horizontal imbalance, nthe difference in pris-matic deviation of incident parallel light beams on the two eyesof an EHPD in the horizontal meridian (see base-in andbase-out).4Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Ca

32、nada, http:/www.csa.ca.5Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.F1776 1623.1.27.2 verti

33、cal imbalance, nthe difference in prismaticdeviation between parallel light beams incident on the two eyesof an EHPD in the vertical meridian.3.1.28 refractive power, nthe focusing effect of a lensexpressed in diopters.3.1.29 spherical power, nthe average of the maximummeridional astigmatic power an

34、d the minimum meridionalastigmatic power of a lens.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Optical Requirements:4.1.1 Field of ViewWhen tested in accordance with 6.1,the basic EHPD, without any accessories such as a sun visorinstalled, shall have a field of view equal to or exceeding thefollowing:4.1.1.1 Tem

35、poral Field50.4.1.1.2 Nasal Field30.4.1.1.3 Superior Field30.4.1.1.4 Inferior Field30.4.1.2 Refractive TolerancesWhen tested in accordancewith 6.6, the spherical power shall not be less than 0.37diopters and shall not exceed +0.06 diopters.4.1.3 AstigmatismWhen tested in accordance with 6.6, theasti

36、gmatism shall not exceed 0.25 diopters.4.1.4 Power ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.6, the power imbalance in corresponding meridians betweenthe two eyes for straight ahead seeing shall not exceed 0.18diopters.4.1.5 PrismWhen tested in accordance with 6.4 or 6.8, theprimary viewing position

37、of either eye of a shield shall notexceed 0.5 prism diopters.4.1.6 Prism ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.4 or 6.8, the prism imbalance shall meet the followingcriteria:4.1.6.1 Vertical Imbalance, shall not exceed +0.25 diopters.4.1.6.2 Horizontal ImbalancesNegative values (base-in)shall not

38、 be less than 0.25 prism diopters, and positive values(base-out) shall not be more than +1.0 prism diopters.4.1.7 Luminous TransmittanceWhen tested in accordancewith 6.3, the luminous transmittance shall not be less than 60% for clear lenses and not less than 17 % for tinted lensesunless labeled ver

39、y dark in which case the minimum transmit-tance shall be no less than 8 %.4.1.8 HazeWhen tested in accordance with 6.5, the hazeof the EHPD lens shall not exceed 3 %.4.1.9 Optical QualityWithin the central viewing zone,striae, warpage, surface ripples, or other defects that areapparent under the opt

40、ical inspection test conditions of 6.2shall be considered a failure. An exception is when smallspecks or inclusions, which are not seen when the lens is heldclose to the eye in the as-worn position, shall not be a cause ofrejection.4.1.10 Physical Lens DefectsWithin the central viewingzone, pits, sc

41、ratches, grayness, bubbles, cracks, water marks, orother defects that are apparent under the visible inspection testconditions of 6.7 shall be considered a failure. An exceptionthat small specks or inclusions, which are not seen when thelens is held close to the eye in the as-worn position, shall no

42、tbe cause of rejection.4.2 Mechanical Requirements:4.2.1 When tested in accordance with Section 7, the basicEHPD, without any accessories such as a sun visor installed:4.2.1.1 No contact by components of the EHPD or paintballfragments with the orbital area of the selected headform shallbe permitted.

43、4.2.1.2 Any visible fracture of the lens, frame, or EHPDconstitutes a failure.4.2.1.3 Any dislodging of the lens from the frame consti-tutes a failure.4.2.1.4 Any dislodging of a lens retention component fromthe EHPD constitutes a failure.4.2.1.5 Any dislodging of a component of the EHPD thatwould p

44、ermit free passage and contact of a 5-mm diameterprobe to the orbital area of the selected headform constitutesfailure.4.2.1.6 Any contact of an intact paintball, on the portion ofthe selected headform protected by the EHPD, after saidpaintball penetrated or passed through the protective portion oft

45、he EHPD, constitutes failure.4.2.1.7 Any rotation of the headgear system on the selectedheadform that would permit free passage and contact of a5-mm diameter probe to the orbital area of the selectedheadform constitutes failure.5. Sample Preparation5.1 Eye and Head Protective Devices:5.1.1 Only new

46、and complete EHPDs as offered for saleshall be tested.5.1.2 EHPDs shall be subjected to a single impact test.5.1.3 The EHPD shall be conditioned for a minimum of 4 hat the specified temperature prior to each test.5.2 Test Temperatures:5.2.1 Cold Test, 12.2C6 2C (10F 6 3.5F).5.2.2 Room Temp, 23C6 2C

47、(73F 6 3.5F).5.2.3 Hot Test, 37.8C6 2C (100F 6 3.5F).5.3 Paintballs:5.3.1 All impact testing shall be done using 68 caliberpaintballs manufactured in accordance with the requirementsof Specification F1979 and obtained within 30 days of thetesting date. The paintball bulk container shall be resealedi

48、mmediately after each group of paintballs is removed. Paint-ball storage and nontest handling shall be done at a relativehumidity below 55 % and at a temperature between 12.7 and29C (55 and 85F).5.3.2 Paintballs used for impact testing shall be conditionedin a sealed packet (bag) for at least 4 h at

49、 the specifiedtemperature for each test. Impact testing shall be completedwithin 3 min after removal of the paintballs from theirtemperature conditioning atmosphere.5.4 HeadformThe manufacturer shall normally specify tothe testing facility the type and size of headform to be used fortesting within this standard. This selection will be based uponthe design and size of the EHPD. In the case where theF1776 163manufacturer does not specify a specific headform or size theCSA Z262.6-02 Adult Male headform will