ASTM F1148-2018 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment.pdf

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1、Designation: F1148 18Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification forHome Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi

2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety re-quirements for various types of home playground equipmentintended for use b

3、y children aged from over 18 months through10 years. It further provides such requirements for swingsintended specifically for toddlers. Different age limits forvarious requirements are found in this specification. Theselimits reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mentalor physical abil

4、ity, or both, of the child to cope with thehazards.1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any productin which the support structure remains stationary while theactivity is taking place and is intended for a child to performany of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding,rocking, sp

5、inning, crawling, or creeping, or combinationthereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unlessattached to the play equipment. This specification is notintended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but notlimited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures, beds, or furni-ture (including o

6、utdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradlerockers, activity centers being used as walker substitutes,bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specificallydesigned for therapeutic use). This specification is not intendedto apply to equipment to be used in places of public assemblysuch as

7、 schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks. Equip-ment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes isnot exempt from the requirements of this specification. Suchcenters are defined as situations in which the child-careprovider does not care for more than six children under the ageof

8、ten that are not residing in the household of the caregiver,and the total number of children under the age of ten does notexceed ten, including the caregivers own children. Electricallyoperated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from therequirements of this specification. Free standing pla

9、y housesare exempt from this standard where the intent is that the childis standing or seated with their feet on the ground with noclimbing, sliding, or swinging activities.1.3 Methods of identifying products that comply with thisconsumer safety specification are given. The illustrations ofhome play

10、ground equipment shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.4 are forinformational purposes only and are not intended to limit orendorse certain types of playground equipment or equipmentfeatures. These illustrations are not intended to limit the varietyor various combinations of equipment that are covered by thisconsu

11、mer safety specification.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce thelikelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attached to homeplayground equipment, they are applicable to this consumersafety specification and to any other applicable s

12、afety stan-dards.NOTE 1See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this con-sumer safety performance specification.1.6 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions:1.6.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unlessotherwise specified) are as follows:Dimension ToleranceX in. 0.5 in.X.X i

13、n. 0.05 in.X.XX in. 0.005 in.Angle: 1Force in N: 1.125 lbf (5 N)Weight in lbs: 220 lb (100 kg) 2 lb (.90 kg)These tolerances apply to all dimensions unless otherwisestated or when listed using terms like greater than, less than,minimum, or maximum are used.1.6.2 The values stated in inch-pound units

14、 are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only.1.6.3 The metric conversion factors:inch (in.) to millimetre (mm): 1 in. = 25.4 mmpound (lb) to kilogram (kg): 1 lb = 0.45359 kgpound-force (lbf) to newton (N

15、): 1 lbf = 4.4482 N1.6.4 See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout thisspecification.1.7 This consumer safety performance specification in-cludes the following sections:Scope Section 1Referenced Documents Section 21This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Pr

16、oducts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.09 onHome Playground Equipment.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F1148 17. DOI:10.1520/F1148-18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

17、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendation

18、s issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Terminology Section 3Materials and Manufacture Section 4General Requirements Section 5Performance Requirements Section 6Requirements for Access Section 7Equipment Section 8Equipment Layout Section 9Installation Sec

19、tion 10Structural Integrity Section 11Maintenance Instructions Section 12Labeling and Signage Section 13Information Section 14Keywords Section 151.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stand

20、ard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on

21、 Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessF1292 Specification for Impact A

22、ttenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment2.2 Federal Standards:16 CFR 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and CertainConsumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint316 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, in-cluding sections:31500.48 Technical Requirements

23、for Determining a SharpPoint in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use byChildren Under 8 Years of Age1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpMetal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intendedfor Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age1500.52 and .53 Test Methods for Simulating Use

24、 andAbuseof Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other Ar-ticles Intended for Use by Children Under 3 Years of AgeWhich Present Choking, Aspiration, or Ingestion HazardsBecause of Small Parts33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific t

25、o This Standard:3.1.1 accessible, adjrelating to a part or portion of theplayground equipment that can be contacted by any body part.3.1.2 anchors, naccessories used to minimize possibletipping of the equipment, or lifting of the support legs.3.1.3 completely bounded opening, nany opening in apiece

26、of play equipment that is totally enclosed by boundarieson all sides so that the perimeter of the opening is continuous.3.1.4 completely bounded non-rigid opening, nany open-ing in a piece of play equipment that is completely enclosed byboundaries, part or all of which can deform or deflect duringno

27、rmal use (for example, the openings in a flexible net orlattice of webbing).3.1.5 conspicuous, adjdescribes a label that is visible,when the unit is in the manufacturers recommended useposition, to a person standing near the unit at any one positionaround the unit but not necessarily visible from al

28、l positions.3.1.6 continuous surface, na surface smooth to the extentthat no hazard such as a catch point for clothing or sharpedge/sharp point is created.3.1.7 crush and shear point, njuncture at which the usercould suffer contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, orfracture during use of the pl

29、ayground equipment.3.1.8 designated playing surface, nany elevated surfaceintended for standing, walking, sitting, or climbing.3.1.9 edge, sharp4, nan edge that can cut a users skin.3.1.9.1 DiscussionAn edge is judged as sharp pursuant tothe provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.49.3.1.10 entanglement,

30、ncondition in which the usersclothes or something around the users neck becomes caught orentwined on a component of playground equipment.3.1.11 entrapment, nany condition which impedes with-drawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening.3.1.12 fall height, nvertical distance between a

31、designatedplay surface and the protective surfacing beneath it.3.1.13 gthe acceleration due to Earths gravity at sealevel, having a standard value of 386.088 in./s2(9807 mm/s2).The standard value may be approximated as 32.174 ft/s2(9.807m/s2). Accelerations may be expressed in units of g, where1 g =

32、 the acceleration due to gravity.3.1.14 g-maxthe maximum acceleration of a missile dur-ing an impact, expressed in g units.3.1.15 guardrail, na guardrail is a device around anelevated surface that is intended to prevent inadvertent fallsfrom the elevated surface.3.1.16 hand grasping component, na co

33、mponent intendedto be grasped by the hand to steady a user (such as a handrail).3.1.17 hand gripping component, na component intendedto be gripped by the hand to support the full body weight (suchas a rung of a horizontal ladder or trapeze bar).3.1.18 handrail, nthe structural member that helps a ch

34、ildsteady himself. As used in this consumer safety performance2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website

35、.3Available from Consumer Product Safety Commission,Washington, DC 20207.4Asharp edge tester suitable for conducting tests in accordance with the Federalregulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.49 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415Park Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Engineering drawings from which

36、a sharp edgetester may be fabricated are available from the Office of the Secretary, ConsumerProduct Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.F1148 182specification, a handrail is the structural member at the top ofa slide that helps a child steady himself while he sits down (seeFig. A1.1).3.1.19 hea

37、d injury criteria (HIC), na measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of deceleration.3.1.20 lawn swing, na multi-user occupant enclosedswing where children sit on opposite sides facing one an

38、otherwith their feet resting on a platform and their back against abackrest.3.1.21 platform, nany elevated horizontal surface in-tended to be used by children as a place for play or as atransition between components. Slide transition areas 200 in.2(1290 cm2) are not considered platforms.3.1.22 point

39、, sharp5, npoint that can puncture or laceratea users skin.3.1.22.1 DiscussionA point is judged as sharp pursuant tothe provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.48.3.1.23 projection, na condition that due to its physicalnature must be tested to the requirements of this standard todetermine whether it is a

40、protrusion or entanglement hazard, orboth.3.1.24 protective barrier, nenclosing device around anelevated surface that prevents both inadvertent and deliberateattempts to pass through the device.3.1.25 protrusion, na projection which, when tested inaccordance with requirements of this standard, is fo

41、und to be ahazard having the potential to cause serious bodily injury to auser who impacts it.3.1.26 rung, na cross-piece in a ladder or other climbingequipment used for supporting the users feet or grasping bythe users hands, or both. A rung must comply with 6.10 forhand-gripping components.3.1.27

42、small part, na component that may become de-tached during use of the playground equipment and presents achoking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard to a child. Such acomponent is determined to be a hazard pursuant to theprovisions of 16 CFR 1501.3.1.28 swing, nan element or seat suspended from anelevat

43、ed support structure so as to allow users to move freelyin one or more planes and possesses a pivot arm greater than24 in. (610 mm) when measured vertically from the top of thesuspended element to the pivot point.3.1.28.1 DiscussionSwings include the following types:single axis (to-fro), multiple ax

44、is (rotating), or swings withmultiple motions consisting of a combination of single axis andmultiple axis (combination swings).3.1.29 toddler swing, na fully enclosed single occupantswing intended for young children who can sit upright unaided.Aseat is considered fully enclosed when a containment sy

45、stemis employed that supports the child on all sides and in betweenthe legs (see Fig. A1.5).3.1.30 toy accessory, nan article that provides certain playvalue separate from, but attached to or sold with, homeplayground equipment intended for play-time use by a child.Such articles include miniature im

46、itations for play use ofobjects intended primarily for a specific purpose (for example,a toy telephone or a toy gas pump).3.1.31 turnbar, nthe horizontal bar between the support-ing legs of a swing set, such as the one shown in Fig. A1.1.3.1.32 use zone, nthe area beneath and immediately adja-cent t

47、o a play structure or equipment that is designated forunrestricted circulation around the equipment, and on whosesurface it is predicted that a user would land when falling orexiting the equipment.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 GeneralHome playground equipment shall be manu-factured and constructed

48、 only of materials that have a demon-strated durability in an outdoor setting.Any new materials shallbe documented or tested accordingly for durability by theplayground equipment manufacturer or their agent.4.1.1 Metals subject to structural degradation such as by rustor corrosion shall be painted,

49、galvanized, or otherwise treated.Woods shall be naturally rot- and insect-resistant or treated toavoid such deterioration. Creosote, pentachlorophenol, tributyltin oxide, and surface coatings that contain pesticides shall notbe used for playground equipment. Wood treaters and play-ground equipment manufacturers shall practice technologiesand procedures that minimize the level of dislodgeable toxin.Plastics and other materials that experience ultraviolet (UV)degradation shall be stabilized against ultraviolet light.4.1.2 Regardl