ASTM F1148-2008 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment.pdf

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1、Designation: F 1148 08Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification forHome Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi

2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety re-quirements for various types of home playground equipmentintended for use

3、 by children aged from over eighteen monthsthrough 10 years. It further provides such requirements forswings intended specifically for toddlers. Different age limitsfor various requirements are found in this specification. Theselimits reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mentalor physi

4、cal ability, or both, of the child to cope with thehazards.1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any productin which the support structure remains stationary while theactivity is taking place and is intended for a child to performany of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding,roc

5、king, spinning, crawling, or creeping, or combinationthereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unlessattached to the play equipment. This specification is notintended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but notlimited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures, beds, or furni-ture (inc

6、luding outdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradlerockers, activity centers being used as walker substitutes,bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specificallydesigned for therapeutic use). This specification is not intendedto apply to equipment to be used in places of public assembl

7、ysuch as schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks. Equip-ment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes isnot exempt from the requirements of this specification. Suchcenters are defined as situations in which the child-careprovider does not care for more than six children under th

8、e ageof ten that are not residing in the household of the caregiver,and the total number of children under the age of ten does notexceed ten, including the caregivers own children. Electricallyoperated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from therequirements of this specification.1.3 Method

9、s of identifying products that comply with thisconsumer safety specification are given. The illustrations ofhome playground equipment shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.4 are forinformational purposes only and are not intended to limit orendorse certain types of playground equipment or equipmentfeatures. These

10、illustrations are not intended to limit the varietyor various combinations of equipment that are covered by thisconsumer safety specification.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce thelikelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attache

11、d to homeplayground equipment, they are applicable to this consumersafety specification and to any other applicable safety stan-dards.NOTE 1See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this con-sumer safety performance specification.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas st

12、andard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfa

13、cingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment2.2 Federal Standards:16 CFR 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and CertainConsumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint316 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, in-cluding sections:31500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a S

14、harpPoint in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use byChildren Under 8 Years of Age1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpMetal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intendedfor Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age1500.52 and .53 Test Methods for Simulating Use andAbuse of Toys a

15、nd Other Articles Intended for Use byChildren16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.09 onHome Playground Equipment.Current edition approved Oct. 15,

16、2008. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F 1148 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s

17、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC20207.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Articles Intended for Use by Children Under 3 Years ofAge Which

18、 Present Choking, Aspiration, or IngestionHazards Because of Small Parts3Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 21842.3 Society for Automotive Engineers Recommended Prac-tice:5SAE J211 Instrumentation for Barrier Collision3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 anch

19、orsaccessories used to minimize possible tip-ping of the playground equipment, or lifting of the supportlegs.3.1.2 continuous surfacea surface smooth to the extentthat no hazard such as a catch point for clothing or sharpedge/sharp point is created.3.1.3 edge, sharp6an edge that can cut a childs ski

20、nduring use of the playground equipment. Such an edge isjudged as sharp pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR Section1500.49.3.1.4 guardraila guardrail is a device around an elevatedsurface that is intended to prevent inadvertent falls from theelevated surface.3.1.5 hand grasping componenta component

21、 intended tobe grasped by the hand to steady a user (such as a handrail).3.1.6 hand gripping componenta component intended tobe gripped by the hand to support the full body weight (such asa rung of a horizontal ladder or trapeze bar).3.1.7 handrailthe structural member that helps a childsteady himse

22、lf. As used in this consumer safety performancespecification, a handrail is the structural member at the top ofa slide that helps a child steady himself while he sits down (seeFig. A1.1).3.1.8 platformany elevated horizontal surface intended tobe used by children as a place for play or as a transiti

23、onbetween components. Slide transition areas 200 in.2are notconsidered platforms.3.1.9 point, sharp7a point that can puncture or lacerate achilds skin during use of the playground equipment. Such apoint is judged as potentially sharp pursuant to the provisionsof 16 CFR Section 1500.48.3.1.10 protect

24、ive barrieran enclosure around an elevatedsurface that is intended to prevent both inadvertent anddeliberate attempts to pass through the device.3.1.11 runga cross-piece in a ladder or other climbingequipment used for supporting the users feet or grasping bythe users hands, or both. A rung must comp

25、ly with 4.6 forhand-gripping components.3.1.12 small parta component that may become detachedduring use of the playground equipment and presents achoking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard to a child. Such acomponent is determined to be a hazard pursuant to theprovisions of 16 CFR 1501.3.1.13 toddler

26、swinga fully enclosed single occupantswing intended for young children who can sit upright unaided.A seat is considered fully enclosed when a containment systemis employed that supports the child on all sides and in betweenthe legs (see Fig. A1.33).3.1.14 toy accessoryan article that provides certai

27、n playvalue separate from, but attached to or sold with, homeplayground equipment intended for play-time use by a child.Such articles include miniature imitations for play use ofobjects intended primarily for a specific purpose (for example,a toy telephone or a toy gas pump).3.1.15 turnbarthe horizo

28、ntal bar between the supportinglegs of a swing set, such as the one shown in Fig. A1.1.3.1.16 use zonethe area beneath and immediately adja-cent to a play structure or equipment that is designated forunrestricted circulation around the equipment, and on whosesurface it is predicted that a user would

29、 land when falling orexiting the equipment.4. Performance Requirements4.1 GeneralHome playground equipment shall be manu-factured and constructed only of materials that have a demon-strated durability in an outdoor setting.Any new materials shallbe documented or tested accordingly for durability by

30、theplayground equipment manufacturer or their agent.4.1.1 Metals subject to structural degradation such as by rustor corrosion shall be painted, galvanized, or otherwise treated.Woods shall be naturally rot- and insect-resistant or treated toavoid such deterioration. Creosote, pentachlorophenol, tri

31、butyltin oxide, and surface coatings that contain pesticides shall notbe used for playground equipment. Wood treaters and play-ground equipment manufacturers shall practice technologiesand procedures that minimize the level of dislodgeable toxin.Plastics and other materials that experience ultraviol

32、et (UV)degradation shall be stabilized against ultraviolet light.4.1.2 Regardless of the material or the treatment process,the manufacturer shall ensure that the users of the playgroundequipment cannot ingest, inhale, or absorb any potentialhazardous amounts of substances through body surfaces as ar

33、esult of contact with the equipment.4.1.3 Lead in PaintAll paints and finishes used on play-ground equipment shall be in accordance with 16 CFR 1303.4.1.4 Edges, Points, and SurfacesFollowing assembly ofthe unit in accordance with the instructions to be provided tothe consumer, there shall be no sha

34、rp edges, points, or surfaceson any portion of the home playground equipment capable ofinflicting a cut on a child.4.1.5 Open TubingAll open tubing ends that are notresting on the ground, or otherwise covered, shall be providedwith caps or plugs that have a smooth finish and are tight-fitting. They

35、shall be subjected to a torque of 4 lbf-in. (0.454Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 7th St.SW, Washington, DC 20590.5Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.6A sharp edge tester suitable for conducting tests in

36、accordance with the Federalregulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.49 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415Park Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Engineering drawings from which a sharp edgetester may be fabricated are available from the Office of the Secretary, ConsumerProduct Safety Commission, Washin

37、gton, DC 20207.7A sharp point tester for conducting tests in accordance with the Federalregulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.48 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415Park Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. An engineering drawing from which a sharppoint tester may be fabricated is available from the Off

38、ice of the Secretary,Consumer Products Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.F1148082N-m) and a force of 15-lbf (67-N) when tested in accordancewith Title 16 CFR Section 1500.53(e and f).4.1.6 Pinch, Crush, and Shear PointsThere shall be nopinch, crush, or shear points caused by junctures of twoco

39、mponents moving relative to one another that could cause acontusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, or fracture. Apinch, crush, or shear point is any point that allows a316 in. (5mm) diameter neoprene rod to enter at one or more positionsand entraps at one or more positions a12-in. (13-mm) diamet

40、erneoprene rod. Entrapment shall mean that a force of more than2 lbf (9 N) is required to pull out the rod. The neoprene rodsshall have a hardness reading between 50 and 60 as determinedby a Type A durometer in accordance with Test MethodD 2240.4.1.7 Acute AnglesThere shall be no acute angles, orgro

41、up of acute angles, formed by two or more members inwhich the legs point upward from the apex so that theconfiguration approximates a “V” with an interior angle lessthan 55 (0.96 rad).4.1.7.1 Exemptions to 4.1.7:(1) Inverted Angle or “V” ConditionThose “Vs” thatare inverted. A “V” is considered inve

42、rted if the lower adjacentleg forming the “V” is horizontal or slopes downward from theapex (see Fig. A1.5).(2) Filled Apex Condition“V” angles less than 55 wherethe apex of the angle is filled to the point that will not allow thehead probe to contact both surfaces of the angle simultaneously(see Fi

43、g. A1.5). The angle shall be covered with a shield that ismade of a rigid material. The shield shall be capable ofwithstanding impact of at least 20 ftlbf (27 J) imparted to aspot within 1 in. (25 mm) of the geometric center of the shieldby a 5-in. (127-mm) diameter steel ball. The shield shall bete

44、sted while secured to the members of the playgroundequipment by the hardware provided. During the test, theequipment or portions thereof, if required, shall be oriented sothat the surface of the shield is horizontal.(3) Rope, Chain and Cable“V” angles less than 55where the apex of the angle is forme

45、d by an inclined or verticalclimbing surface and a rope, chain or cable. To be exempt, thepoint of the formed “V” angle must be no greater than 1.5 in.(38 mm) above the protective surfacing. See Fig. A1.6.4.1.8 Spacing Between Adjacent Swing Elements:4.1.8.1 Swing sets containing adjacent swing elem

46、ents shallbe designed so that there is a minimum of 8 in. (205 mm)separating elements that are capable of limited lateral motion(where two or more chains, ropes, or poles are used forsuspension). The outermost lateral extremities of the swingingelements shall govern the measurement of separation; an

47、example is illustrated by Dimension A in Fig. A1.7 and Fig.A1.8.4.1.8.2 Swing elements that are intended to have unlimitedlateral motion such as, but not limited to, a rotating swing ordisc swing shall not occupy a swing bay with any otherswinging element. There shall be a minimum separation of 15in

48、. (381 mm) between the outermost extremity of the swingingelement and the support structure, as measured in a verticalplane from the outermost extremity from the top bar to theprotective surface (see Fig. A1.8).4.1.8.3 Lateral Stability of Swing ElementsAll to-froswings, belt type or rigid, shall ha

49、ve a minimum distancebetween suspension points as caculated from the followingformula:A 5 0.04H! 1 B (1)where:A = the center to center distance between uppermost sus-pension points of the swing assembly,B = the center to center distance between the swing seatattachment points (in the case of flexible seats, placethe weighted test fixture as described in Fig. A1.9 inthe seat before measuring dimension B), andH = the distance between the uppermost suspension pointand the protective surfacing.4.1.9 Spacing Between Swing Elements and StationaryFra