ASTM F1045-2007(2013) Standard Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Helmets《冰上曲棍球头盔的标准性能规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1045 07 (Reapproved 2013) An American National StandardStandard Performance Specification forIce Hockey Helmets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision

2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIce hockey is a contact sport with intrinsic hazards. The use of protective equipment will noteliminate

3、all injuries but should substantially reduce the severity and frequency of injury. Participationin the sport of ice hockey by a player implies acceptance of some risk of injury. The goal is tominimize this risk.This performance specification for head protective equipment has been prepared after cons

4、iderationof head protection relative to the following principle risks: high-mass, low-velocity impact (variousplaying situations), and fit. This performance specification may be modified as other risks areidentified.Performance requirements were determined after consideration of state-of-the-art of

5、helmet designand manufacture and the demands of the sport.1. Scope1.1 This performance specification2covers performancerequirements for ice hockey helmets.1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reducethe risk of injury to the head without compromising the formand appeal of the game.1

6、.3 This performance specification covers: (1) performancetests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmetand strength and elongation of the chin strap and its attach-ment; and (2) requirements for area of coverage and penetra-tion.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asst

7、andard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 12, of this performance specifi-cation:This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is

8、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F513 Specification for Eye and Face Protective Equipmentfor Hockey PlayersF2220 Spec

9、ification for Headforms3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 retention system:3.1.1.1 chin strapthe chin strap, including a cup thatcovers the chin (see Fig. 1), is affixed to both sides of thehelmet and secures the helmet to the head when a Type I orType II full fac

10、e protector is not worn with the helmet.3.1.1.2 neck strapthe neck strap that secures the helmet tothe head is affixed on both sides of the helmet and passes underthe lower jaw in close proximity to the jaw and the neck.Where the helmet is worn with a Type I or Type II full faceprotector, the neck s

11、trap serves as the attachment of the helmetto the head.NOTE 1For a description of the Type I or Type II face protector, seethe Types of Protectors Section in Safety Specification F513.3.1.2 crowna point in the median plane that is equal chordlengths from the anterior and posterior intersections of t

12、hemedian and reference planes.1This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeF08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee F08.15 on Ice Hockey.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Origi

13、nallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1045 07. DOI:10.1520/F1045-07R13.2This performance specification is subject to revision as indicated by subsequentinjury statistics and subject to review at least every five years.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website

14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13

15、.1.3 drop heightthe vertical distance between the lowestpoint (impact point) of the elevated helmet and the apex of theimpact surface.3.1.4 gthe dimensionless ratio of the acceleration of theheadform during impact to the acceleration due to gravity.3.1.4.1 gmaxthe maximum value of g encountered duri

16、ngimpact.3.1.5 helmetthe complete product, including the shell,liner, chin strap, including the cup or neck strap, and associatedattachment hardware, assembled with components supplied bythe manufacturer. The helmet is intended to protect thewearers head while participating in ice hockey.3.1.6 helme

17、t position index (HPI)the vertical distancefrom the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when thehelmet is placed on a reference headform. The manufacturershall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distance.3.1.7 linerthe material inside the shell for the purpose ofshock absorption or

18、 comfortable fit, or both.3.1.8 Reference Planes:3.1.8.1 basic planean anatomical plane that includes thesuperior rim of the external auditory meatus (upper edge of theexternal openings of the ear) and the inferior margin of theorbit (the lowest point of the floor of the eye socket). Theheadforms ar

19、e marked with the basic plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.2 coronal planean anatomical plane perpendicularto both the basic and midsagittal planes and passing throughthe superior rims of the right and left auditory meatuses. Thetransverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 2and 3).3.1.8

20、.3 midsagittal planean anatomical plane perpendicu-lar to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the right and left inferior orbitalridges and the midpoint of the line connecting the superior rimsof the right and left external auditory meatus. The longitudin

21、alplane corresponds to the midsagittal plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.4 reference planea plane marked on the headformsat a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 4).3.1.9 shellthe rigid outer material that gives the helmet itsform.4. General Requirements4.1 Materials:4.1.

22、1 All materials used in the fabrication of helmets shallbe known to be suitable for the intended application. Forexample, shell materials shall remain strong, semirigid, andfirm, and shall not permanently distort during an exposure of atleast4htoanytemperature in the range from 27 to 32C, norshall t

23、he material be significantly affected by exposure toultraviolet radiation, water, dirt, or vibration. All materialsshall be rot-resistant. In addition, paints, glues, and finishesused in manufacture shall be compatible with the helmet shelland shock absorption system materials.FIG. 1 Chin Strap (Inc

24、ludes a Chin Cup)FIG. 2 Anatomical PlanesFIG. 3 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Misadgittal PlanesF1045 07 (2013)24.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearers headshall not be the type known to cause skin irritation or disease,and shall not undergo significant loss of strength, flexibilit

25、y, orother physical change as a result of contact with perspiration,oil, or grease from the wearers hair.4.1.3 Any material used in the construction of helmets shallnot be adversely affected by ordinary household soap andwater, mild household detergent, or cleaners recommended bythe manufacturer.4.2

26、 Helmet Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional devices fitted to the helmet shall be sodesigned that they are unlikely to cause any injury to thewearer or other participants during contact.4.2.2 All edges shall be smooth and rounded and there shallbe no rigid projections on the inside of the helmet that couldc

27、ome in contact with the wearers head.4.2.3 All external projections shall be smooth and ad-equately faired to other surfaces. Split or bifurcated rivets shallnot be used.4.3 Types of Protectors:4.3.1 Type 1Head protectors that meet requirements forthe area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.1.4.3.2 Type 2

28、Head protectors that meet requirements forthe area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.2.4.4 Impact Test Protected AreaThe area above the test line(see 12.2.7) shall be considered the impact test protected area.All parts of the wearers head covered by the area of the shellshall be protected at least to the

29、 minimum impact requirementsof 13.1 and 13.2.4.5 Area of CoverageArea of coverage measurementsshall be made with the protector mounted in accordance withthe protector manufacturers instructions on the headforms thatcorrespond to the physical dimensions defined in SpecificationF2220 as sizes A, E, J,

30、 or M. If a helmet size range, asidentified by the manufacturers instructions, is capable offitting two different headforms, the larger headform shall beused.4.5.1 Type 1The extent of coverage shall include at leastall of the area above line BCDEF as shown in Fig. 5. This areashall correspond with t

31、he headform size with which theprotector is to be tested. No ear aperture shall have anydimension exceeding 38 mm (1.5 in.). The ear aperture shall becompletely surrounded by the helmet. The distance from anyedge of an ear aperture to any edge of the helmet shall not beless than 20 mm (0.8 in.).4.5.

32、2 Type 2The extent of coverage shall include at leastall of the area above line BCDGHEF as shown in Fig. 6. Thisarea shall correspond with the headform size with which theprotector is to be tested.4.6 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for se-curing attachments to the shell shall be so attac

33、hed that thedegree of protection afforded the wearer by the protectivepadding or cushioning material of the helmet is not therebyreduced.4.7 Size of HelmetsHelmets shall be sized in accordancewith Table 1.4.8 Chin Strap or Neck Strap:4.8.1 The chin strap, including the cup, or the neck strap,shall b

34、e attached to the helmet so that the helmet remains in itsnormal position on the players head during play and impactconditions.4.8.2 The chin strap or the neck strap used in combinationwith the face protector shall satisfy the requirements in 3.1.1.4.8.3 The minimum width of the chin strap exclusive

35、 of thecup shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.).5. Performance Requirements5.1 GeneralHelmets shall be capable of meeting therequirements in this performance specification throughout theirfull range of adjustment. They shall be capable of meeting therequirements in Sections 11 and 12 at any temperature betwee

36、n27 to 32C.5.2 Shock AbsorptionThe helmet is mounted on a head-form that is oriented in different positions and dropped at aspecific velocity onto an impact surface.Alinear accelerometermounted at the center of gravity of the headform monitors theacceleration and the time history of impact that are

37、recordedwith appropriate instrumentation. Maximum acceleration andtime duration data obtained by the specified procedures areintended to determine the shock absorption characteristics ofthe helmet.5.3 Chin StrapWhen tested in accordance with 12.8, theforce to separate the strap shall not be less tha

38、n 50 N (11.2 lbf)nor more than 500 N (112.4 lbf), and the maximum displace-ment of the strap shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in.) at a load of109 N (24.5 lbf). The requirements of 12.8 shall be met atambient conditions.FIG. 4 Location of Reference LinesF1045 07 (2013)35.4 Penetration Resistance Test Req

39、uirementsIt shall notbe possible to touch the test headform with the curved end ofthe test stick blade within the required area of coverage,excluding the ear opening.6. Apparatus6.1 Shock Absorption TestThe apparatus for the shockabsorption test shall consist of the following:6.1.1 Guide AssemblyThe

40、 headform shall be attached tothe free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustable mountingthat will allow impacts to be delivered to any prescribed pointon the helmet (see Fig. 7). The carriage shall be free to slide onvertical guides. If wires are used, they must be placed under atleast 845.2 N (

41、190 lbf) tension (see 12.4 for guide assemblyspecifications and allowable weight of drop assembly).6.1.2 Recording EquipmentThe recording equipment shallmeet the following criteria:6.1.2.1 Acceleration TransducerThe linear accelerometeris mounted at the center of gravity of the combined testheadform

42、 and carriage assembly with the sensitive axis alignedto within 5 of the vertical when the helmet and headform arein the impact position. This transducer shall be capable ofwithstanding a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall havea frequency response (variation 61.5 %) over the range from 5to 900

43、 Hz.6.1.2.2 System AccuracyThe impact recording systemshall be capable of measuring shocks of up to 500 g peakacceleration with an accuracy of 65%.6.1.2.3 Impact RecordingThe impact shall be recorded onsingle- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with 0.1-mV to 20-Vdeflection factor, 1 to 5-ms sweep s

44、peed-division, and 500-kHzbandwidth.46.1.2.4 Test HeadformsTest headforms that correspond tothe physical dimensions defined in Specification F2220 as sizesA, E, J, and M. The weight of the drop assembly, including theheadform, shall be in accordance with 12.4 unless otherwisespecified in the individ

45、ual performance specifications. The testheadforms shall include surface markings corresponding to thebasic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs. 2and 3).6.1.2.5 Reference HeadformsMeasuring headforms con-toured in the same configuration as the test headforms sizes A,E, J, and M, as

46、defined in Specification F2220. The referenceheadforms shall include surface markings corresponding to thebasic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs.2-4).4Equivalent instrumentation capable of recording, displaying, and providing apermanent record of the generated accelerometer shoc

47、k signal will meet thisrequirement.NOTE 1A-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeFIG. 5 Type 1Area of CoverageF1045 07 (2013)46.1.2.6 Impact SurfaceThe impact surface shall be a flatmodular elastomer programmer (MEP) 152.4 mm (6 in.) indiameter and 25.4 mm (1 in.) in thickness which is firmly fixedto the

48、top surface of a flat anvil. The MEP required is a 60 65 Durometer Shore A Hardness impact surface. The base shallconsist of a rigid slab weighing at least 136.1 kg (300 lb). Thetop surface of this base may be used as the flat metal anvil ifit is faced with a steel plate with minimum thickness of 25

49、.4mm (1 in.) and minimum top surface area of 0.09 m2(1 ft2). Ifa detachable flat metal anvil is used it must have a top surfacearea of at least 290.3 cm2(45 in.2). The MEP is mounted on analuminum plate with a minimum thickness of 5.6 mm (0.220in.) after grinding.7. Sampling7.1 Submit at least four specimen helmets for each size to betested under the various conditions as described in Section 11.One ambient conditioned sample shall be used for both impacttesting and the penetration and retention test.8. Test Specimen8.1 Test he