ASTM F1045-2007 Standard Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Helmets《冰球运动员防护帽标准性能规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 1045 07An American National StandardStandard Performance Specification forIce Hockey Helmets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIce hockey is a contact sport with intrinsic hazards. The use of protective equipment will noteliminate all injuries but

3、 should substantially reduce the severity and frequency of injury. Participationin the sport of ice hockey by a player implies acceptance of some risk of injury. The goal is tominimize this risk.This performance specification for head protective equipment has been prepared after considerationof head

4、 protection relative to the following principle risks: high-mass, low-velocity impact (variousplaying situations), and fit. This performance specification may be modified as other risks areidentified.Performance requirements were determined after consideration of state-of-the-art of helmet designand

5、 manufacture and the demands of the sport.1. Scope1.1 This performance specification2covers performancerequirements for ice hockey helmets.1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reducethe risk of injury to the head without compromising the formand appeal of the game.1.3 This performa

6、nce specification covers: (1) performancetests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmetand strength and elongation of the chin strap and its attach-ment; and (2) requirements for area of coverage and penetra-tion.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The

7、values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 12, of this performance specifi-cation: This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi

8、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F 513 Safety Specification for Eye and Face ProtectiveEquipment for Hockey PlayersF 2220 Specif

9、ication for Headforms3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 retention system:3.1.1.1 chin strapthe chin strap, including a cup thatcovers the chin (see Fig. 1), is affixed to both sides of thehelmet and secures the helmet to the head when a Type I orType II full face

10、protector is not worn with the helmet.3.1.1.2 neck strapthe neck strap that secures the helmet tothe head is affixed on both sides of the helmet and passes underthe lower jaw in close proximity to the jaw and the neck.Where the helmet is worn with a Type I or Type II full faceprotector, the neck str

11、ap serves as the attachment of the helmetto the head.1This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeF08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.15 on Ice Hockey.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. O

12、riginallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 1045 06.2This performance specification is subject to revision as indicated by subsequentinjury statistics and subject to review at least every five years.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco

13、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1For a descript

14、ion of the Type I or Type II face protector, seethe Types of Protectors Section in Safety Specification F 513.3.1.2 crowna point in the median plane that is equal chordlengths from the anterior and posterior intersections of themedian and reference planes.3.1.3 drop heightthe vertical distance betwe

15、en the lowestpoint (impact point) of the elevated helmet and the apex of theimpact surface.3.1.4 gthe dimensionless ratio of the acceleration of theheadform during impact to the acceleration due to gravity.3.1.4.1 gmaxthe maximum value of g encountered duringimpact.3.1.5 helmetthe complete product,

16、including the shell,liner, chin strap, including the cup or neck strap, and associatedattachment hardware, assembled with components supplied bythe manufacturer. The helmet is intended to protect thewearers head while participating in ice hockey.3.1.6 helmet position index (HPI)the vertical distance

17、from the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when thehelmet is placed on a reference headform. The manufacturershall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distance.3.1.7 linerthe material inside the shell for the purpose ofshock absorption or comfortable fit, or both.3.1.8 Reference P

18、lanes:3.1.8.1 basic planean anatomical plane that includes thesuperior rim of the external auditory meatus (upper edge of theexternal openings of the ear) and the inferior margin of theorbit (the lowest point of the floor of the eye socket). Theheadforms are marked with the basic plane (see Figs. 2

19、and 3).3.1.8.2 coronal planean anatomical plane perpendicularto both the basic and midsagittal planes and passing throughthe superior rims of the right and left auditory meatuses. Thetransverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 2and 3).3.1.8.3 midsagittal planean anatomical plane per

20、pendicu-lar to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the right and left inferior orbitalridges and the midpoint of the line connecting the superior rimsof the right and left external auditory meatus. The longitudinalplane corresponds to the midsagittal plan

21、e (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.4 reference planea plane marked on the headformsat a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 4).3.1.9 shellthe rigid outer material that gives the helmet itsform.4. General Requirements4.1 Materials:4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of

22、helmets shallbe known to be suitable for the intended application. Forexample, shell materials shall remain strong, semirigid, andfirm, and shall not permanently distort during an exposure of atleast4htoanytemperature in the range from 27 to 32C, norshall the material be significantly affected by ex

23、posure toultraviolet radiation, water, dirt, or vibration. All materialsshall be rot-resistant. In addition, paints, glues, and finishesFIG. 1 Chin Strap (Includes a Chin Cup)FIG. 2 Anatomical PlanesFIG. 3 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Misadgittal PlanesF 1045 072used in manufacture shall be co

24、mpatible with the helmet shelland shock absorption system materials.4.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearers headshall not be the type known to cause skin irritation or disease,and shall not undergo significant loss of strength, flexibility, orother physical change as a result of contact

25、 with perspiration,oil, or grease from the wearers hair.4.1.3 Any material used in the construction of helmets shallnot be adversely affected by ordinary household soap andwater, mild household detergent, or cleaners recommended bythe manufacturer.4.2 Helmet Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional devices fitte

26、d to the helmet shall be sodesigned that they are unlikely to cause any injury to thewearer or other participants during contact.4.2.2 All edges shall be smooth and rounded and there shallbe no rigid projections on the inside of the helmet that couldcome in contact with the wearers head.4.2.3 All ex

27、ternal projections shall be smooth and ad-equately faired to other surfaces. Split or bifurcated rivets shallnot be used.4.3 Types of Protectors:4.3.1 Type 1 Head protectors that meet requirements forthe area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.1.4.3.2 Type 2Head protectors that meet requirements forthe ar

28、ea of coverage mentioned in 4.5.2.4.4 Impact Test Protected AreaThe area above the testline (see 12.2.7) shall be considered the impact test protectedarea. All parts of the wearers head covered by the area of theshell shall be protected at least to the minimum impactrequirements of 13.1 and 13.2.4.5

29、 Area of CoverageArea of coverage measurementsshall be made with the protector mounted in accordance withthe protector manufacturers instructions on the headforms thatcorrespond to the physical dimensions defined in SpecificationF 2220 as sizes A, E, J, or M. If a helmet size range, asidentified by

30、the manufacturers instructions, is capable offitting two different headforms, the larger headform shall beused.4.5.1 Type 1The extent of coverage shall include at leastall of the area above line BCDEF as shown in Fig. 5. This areashall correspond with the headform size with which theprotector is to

31、be tested. No ear aperture shall have anydimension exceeding 38 mm (1.5 in.). The ear aperture shall becompletely surrounded by the helmet. The distance from anyedge of an ear aperture to any edge of the helmet shall not beless than 20 mm (0.8 in.).4.5.2 Type 2The extent of coverage shall include at

32、 leastall of the area above line BCDGHEF as shown in Fig. 6. Thisarea shall correspond with the headform size with which theprotector is to be tested.4.6 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for se-curing attachments to the shell shall be so attached that thedegree of protection afforded the w

33、earer by the protectivepadding or cushioning material of the helmet is not therebyreduced.4.7 Size of HelmetsHelmets shall be sized in accordancewith Table 1.4.8 Chin Strap or Neck Strap:4.8.1 The chin strap, including the cup, or the neck strap,shall be attached to the helmet so that the helmet rem

34、ains in itsnormal position on the players head during play and impactconditions.4.8.2 The chin strap or the neck strap used in combinationwith the face protector shall satisfy the requirements in 3.1.1.4.8.3 The minimum width of the chin strap exclusive of thecup shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.).5. Perfor

35、mance Requirements5.1 GeneralHelmets shall be capable of meeting therequirements in this performance specification throughout theirfull range of adjustment. They shall be capable of meeting therequirements in Sections 11 and 12 at any temperature between27 to 32C.5.2 Shock AbsorptionThe helmet is mo

36、unted on a head-form that is oriented in different positions and dropped at aspecific velocity onto an impact surface.Alinear accelerometermounted at the center of gravity of the headform monitors theacceleration and the time history of impact that are recordedwith appropriate instrumentation. Maxim

37、um acceleration andtime duration data obtained by the specified procedures areintended to determine the shock absorption characteristics ofthe helmet.5.3 Chin StrapWhen tested in accordance with 12.8, theforce to separate the strap shall not be less than 50 N (11.2 lbf)nor more than 500 N (112.4 lbf

38、), and the maximum displace-ment of the strap shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in.) at a load of109 N (24.5 lbf). The requirements of 12.8 shall be met atambient conditions.5.4 Penetration Resistance Test RequirementsIt shall notbe possible to touch the test headform with the curved end ofFIG. 4 Location

39、 of Reference LinesF 1045 073the test stick blade within the required area of coverage,excluding the ear opening.6. Apparatus6.1 Shock Absorption TestThe apparatus for the shockabsorption test shall consist of the following:6.1.1 Guide AssemblyThe headform shall be attached tothe free fall drop asse

40、mbly carriage by an adjustable mountingthat will allow impacts to be delivered to any prescribed pointon the helmet (see Fig. 7). The carriage shall be free to slide onvertical guides. If wires are used, they must be placed under atleast 845.2 N (190 lbf) tension (see 12.4 for guide assemblyspecific

41、ations and allowable weight of drop assembly).6.1.2 Recording EquipmentThe recording equipmentshall meet the following criteria:6.1.2.1 Acceleration TransducerThe linear accelerometeris mounted at the center of gravity of the combined testheadform and carriage assembly with the sensitive axis aligne

42、dto within 5 of the vertical when the helmet and headform arein the impact position. This transducer shall be capable ofwithstanding a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall havea frequency response (variation 61.5 %) over the range from 5to 900 Hz.6.1.2.2 System AccuracyThe impact recording syste

43、mshall be capable of measuring shocks of up to 500 g peakacceleration with an accuracy of 65%.6.1.2.3 Impact RecordingThe impact shall be recorded onsingle- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with 0.1-mV to 20-Vdeflection factor, 1 to 5-ms sweep speed-division, and 500-kHzbandwidth.46.1.2.4 Test Hea

44、dformsTest headforms that correspond tothe physical dimensions defined in Specification F 2220 assizes A, E, J, and M. The weight of the drop assembly,including the headform, shall be in accordance with 12.4 unlessotherwise specified in the individual performance specifica-tions. The test headforms

45、shall include surface markingscorresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, and referenceplanes (see Figs. 2 and 3).6.1.2.5 Reference HeadformsMeasuring headforms con-toured in the same configuration as the test headforms sizes A,E, J, and M, as defined in Specification F 2220. The referencehead

46、forms shall include surface markings corresponding to thebasic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs.2-4).6.1.2.6 Impact SurfaceThe impact surface shall be a flatmodular elastomer programmer (MEP) 152.4 mm (6 in.) indiameter and 25.4 mm (1 in.) in thickness which is firmly fixed4Equi

47、valent instrumentation capable of recording, displaying, and providing apermanent record of the generated accelerometer shock signal will meet thisrequirement.NOTEA-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeFIG. 5 Type 1Area of CoverageF 1045 074to the top surface of a flat anvil. The MEP required is a 60 65

48、Durometer Shore A Hardness impact surface. The base shallconsist of a rigid slab weighing at least 136.1 kg (300 lb). Thetop surface of this base may be used as the flat metal anvil ifit is faced with a steel plate with minimum thickness of 25.4mm (1 in.) and minimum top surface area of 0.09 m2(1 ft

49、2). Ifa detachable flat metal anvil is used it must have a top surfacearea of at least 290.3 cm2(45 in.2). The MEP is mounted on analuminum plate with a minimum thickness of 5.6 mm (0.220in.) after grinding.7. Sampling7.1 Submit at least four specimen helmets for each size to betested under the various conditions as described in Section 11.One ambient conditioned sample shall be used for both impacttesting and the penetration and retention test.8. Test Specimen8.1 Test helmets without accessories.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 T