ASTM E641-2001(2012)e1 2459 Standard Methods for Testing Hydraulic Spray Nozzles Used in Agriculture《农用液压喷嘴试验的标准方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E641 01 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Methods for TestingHydraulic Spray Nozzles Used in Agriculture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E641; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la

2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made to the equation in subsection 6.3.4.5 in November 2012.1. Scope1.1 These methods cover procedures f

3、or testing hydraulicspray nozzles used in agriculture. The methods herein cover thefollowing performance parameters: nozzle flow rate, nozzlespray angle, liquid distribution, spray droplet size, and nozzlewearability.1.2 These methods are applicable to hydraulic spray nozzleswhich produce the follow

4、ing spray patterns: flat-fan, hollowcone, and full cone.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th

5、euser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 The types of hydraulic spray nozzles considered arecategorized according to spray

6、characteristics, as follows:2.1.1.1 flat-fan “tapered edge” type spray nozzlethisnozzle provides a range of atomization sizes throughout thepattern area. Its edges are tapered to permit the overlapping ofspray patterns from adjacent nozzles, thereby providing rela-tively uniform overall distribution

7、. These nozzles are popularon field-type crop sprayers where uniform coverage is desiredacross the swath.2.1.1.2 flat fan “even edge” type spray nozzlethis nozzleprovides relatively uniform atomization size as compared tothe “tapered edge” type nozzle and uniform distributionthroughout the spray pat

8、tern. There is no requirement foroverlap of adjacent spray patterns when using this nozzle. It isused primarily to spray uniform strips or bands in fields.2.1.1.3 flooding or deflector-fan type spray nozzlethisnozzle produces a low impact spray with a wide-angle flatpattern having uniform distributi

9、on when low pressures areused. It is used primarily on field-type sprayers when broadcoverage at lower pressures is desired.2.1.1.4 hollow cone and full cone nozzlethe hollow conenozzle normally provides uniform distribution throughout ahollow cone pattern area. The full cone nozzle, providesuniform

10、 distribution throughout its full cone pattern. Bothtypes are used extensively for spraying of fruits and vegetables,some row crops with pesticides, and aerial applications.3. Significance and Use3.1 The purpose of these methods is to provide uniformtesting procedures for evaluating the performance

11、criteria ofhydraulic spray nozzles used for agricultural purposes.3.2 The procedures set forth in these methods are for spraynozzles of the hydraulic energy type in which the spraymaterial is forced through an orifice under pressure, providingfluid break-up into droplets.3.3 Droplet producing nozzle

12、s that operate by means otherthan hydraulic energy are not applicable to these methods.4. Apparatus4.1 This section covers equipment used in testing hydraulicspray nozzles. The equipment and apparatus listed are suffi-cient for use in all methods described herein.4.2 Fundamental equipment common to

13、all of the testmethods are as follows:4.2.1 Water Reservoir or Retaining VesselA water reser-voir or vessel sufficiently large to provide smooth continuousflow to the nozzle(s) throughout the duration of a particulartest.4.2.2 Pump or Source of Water PressureApump or sourceof water pressure sufficie

14、nt to maintain the required testpressure with less than 62 % deviation from the nominalpressure.4.2.3 Pressure Gage:1These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on

15、Pesticide Formulations and DeliverySystems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20016 as E641 01 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/E0641-01R12.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke

16、n, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2.3.1 A pressure gage with an accuracy of 62 % at theactual working pressure. It should have a maximum pressurereading on the dial face such that the test pressure can be asnear the midrange of the gage as possible.4.2.3.2 The pressure gage should be calibrated prio

17、r to useat each of the required test pressures by using a Certified DeadWeight Gage calibrator or a suitable manometer capable ofgage calibration.4.2.4 Pressure Regulator,4.2.5 Control Valves,4.2.6 Inline Strainer,4.2.7 Piping,4.2.8 Union Tees,4.2.9 Union Elbows.4.3 General equipment and arrangement

18、 schematics used intesting each of the performance criteria are as follows.4.3.1 Discharge Rate:4.3.1.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 1.4.3.1.2 Cylinders, Graduated, sized to meet specific testrequirement.4.3.1.3 Stop Watch, having 0.2-s resolution or better.4.3.1.4 Collecting Vessel, glass, metal or

19、plastic, sized tomeet test requirements.4.3.1.5 Laboratory Beakers,4.3.1.6 Flowmeter, Electronic or manual with accuracy of63 % of scale4.3.1.7 Balance, top loading with sensitivity of 60.01 g orbetter accuracy of 0.1 g or better.4.3.2 Spray angle:4.3.2.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 2.4.3.2.2 Spray

20、Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4.3.2.3 Spray Protractor, having a minimum arm length of300-mm (12-in.).4.3.3 Distribution:4.3.3.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.4.3.3.2 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4.3.3.3 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Racks, Troughs,and Beakers.4.3.3.

21、4 Balance, as in 4.3.1.7.4.3.3.5 Stop Watch, as in 4.3.1.3.4.3.4 Particle SizeSince there is no agreement on methodsof sampling and measurement, this section is omitted at thistime. (Note the section on reporting of measurements, 6.5.)4.3.5 Wearability:4.3.5.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 5.4.3.5.2 P

22、ressure Tank, with agitator and air regulator.4.3.5.3 Wear Media.4.3.5.4 Imhoff Settling Cone, 1000-ml.4.3.5.5 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4.3.5.6 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Racks, Troughs,and Beakers.4.3.5.7 Collection Vessel, as in 4.3.1.4.4.3.5.8 Balance, as in 4.3.1.7.4.3.5.

23、9 Stop Watch, as in 4.3.1.3.4.3.5.10 Cylinder, as in 4.3.1.2.FIG. 1 Discharge Rate Test Equipment FIG. 2 Spray Angle Test EquipmentE641 01 (2012)124.3.5.11 Flowmeter, as in 4.3.1.6.5. Spray Medium5.1 It has been accepted practice to use clean, clear water asa standard. However, testing procedures do

24、 not preclude usingthese methods for other liquids.5.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall beunderstood to mean clean, clear, filtered water at a temperatureof 20 to 25C (68 to 70F).6. Procedure6.1 Pressure Adjustment:6.1.1 Pump Method:6.1.1.1 Add the spray media to the system.6.1.

25、1.2 With the recirculation valve open and the sprayvalve closed, turn on the spray pump.6.1.1.3 Open the spray valve and slowly close the recircu-lation valve until the desired spray pressure is reached.6.1.2 Air Pressure Method:6.1.2.1 Add the spray media to the system.6.1.2.2 With both the spray v

26、alve and pressure regulatorclosed, apply air pressure to the system.6.1.2.3 Open the spray valve and slowly open the pressureregulator until the desired spray pressure is obtained.6.2 Discharge Rate:6.2.1 The discharge rate of a nozzle is normally denoted involume-time units such as litres per minut

27、e, litres per second,or gallons per minute.6.2.2 The discharge rate can be determined by a methodsuch as an actual volume-time measurement, an actual weight-time measurement, or a volume-time measurement observeddirectly from an accurately calibrated flow meter. The dis-charge rate of the nozzle may

28、 determine what method ofmeasurement is practical. (See Fig. 1.)6.2.3 Volume-Time Measurement Method:6.2.3.1 Adjust spray pressure to desired setting.6.2.3.2 Pass water through the nozzle and collect it in aclean, dry, graduated cylinder for an interval of at least 1 min,as measured by a stop watch.

29、 The nozzle discharge during thetime interval should fill at least 75 % of the cylinder graduatedvolume.6.2.3.3 Read the amount of water collected directly from thegraduated cylinder to the nearest units denoted, thereby pro-viding the volume-time discharge rate.6.2.3.4 Repeat this procedure three s

30、eparate times and usean average of the three observations as the measured dischargerate.6.2.3.5 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, graduated cylinder capacity andlowest unit of measure, and spray media.6.2.4 Weight-Time Method:6.2.4.1 Establish the tare wei

31、ght of a collection vessel.FIG. 3 Distribution TableFIG. 4 Distribution RackFIG. 5 Wearability Test EquipmentE641 01 (2012)136.2.4.2 Adjust spray pressure to desired setting.6.2.4.3 Spray water into the collection vessel for an intervalof at least 1 min, as timed by a stop watch.6.2.4.4 Establish th

32、e net weight of the discharged water byreweighing the collection vessel to the nearest 0.1 g. The resultis a weight-time discharge rate that is mathematically con-verted to the volume-time values normally used to denotedischarge rate.Lmin5kgmin31Sgalmin5lbmin318.32D6.2.4.5 Repeat this procedure thre

33、e separate times and usean average of the three observations as the measured dischargerate.6.2.4.6 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, net weight, net weight ofdischarge, and spray media.6.2.5 Flow Meter Method:6.2.5.1 Calibrate the flowmeter by an actual vo

34、lume-timeprocedure as described in 6.2.3. Exercise caution when usingflowmeters since water temperature, build up of mineraldeposits and age of meters can seriously alter accuracy.6.2.5.2 Pass water directly through the flow meter at thedesired test pressure to provide “direct” discharge rate read-i

35、ngs. An average of at least two meter reading should be usedfor determining the discharge rate. One reading should betaken by slowly increasing the pressure up to the desired testpressure. A second reading should be taken by increasing thepressure beyond the desired test pressure and slowly lowering

36、the pressure back to the desired pressure.6.2.5.3 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, type and scale of flowmeter, andspray media.6.3 Spray Angle:6.3.1 The spray angle of a nozzle is normally denoted interms of degrees and is a measure of the angular segment

37、formed by the nozzle orifice and the outermost edges of itsgenerated spray.6.3.2 The spray angle of the four different types of spraynozzles can be determined by an angular measure using acalibrated protractor or on a spray distribution testing table bymeasuring the effective pattern width and using

38、 the sprayheight to calculate the angle. The size of the nozzle maydetermine which method of measuring is practical. (See Fig.2.)6.3.3 Angular Measurement:6.3.3.1 Set the desired spray pressure, as determined by thespecific spray application, according to the method given in6.1.6.3.3.2 Pass water th

39、rough the nozzle and position thecalibrated protractor above the spray.6.3.3.3 Open the protractor arms wider than the spraypattern to be measured and position the vertex of the angle asclose to the point of spray discharge as possible. Then slowlynarrow the protractors arms to where they become par

40、allel forthe longest distance with the edges of the spray pattern.6.3.3.4 Read the relative spray angle directly from theprotractor.6.3.3.5 Repeat this testing procedure three separate timesand use an average of the three observations as the measuredspray angle.6.3.4 Width-of-Coverage Method:6.3.4.1

41、 Mount the nozzle at a predetermined distance abovethe spray distribution testing table.6.3.4.2 Set the desired spray pressure as determined by thespecific spray application, according to the method given in6.1.6.3.4.3 Pass water through the nozzle for an interval of timesufficient to define spray p

42、attern. Allow the water to run downthe “V” grooves on the table and collect in the graduatedcylinders positioned under the grooves.6.3.4.4 Determine the actual width of the spray pattern byobserving the cylinders outermost from the spray centerretaining a sufficient amount of water to define the spr

43、ay width.6.3.4.5 Obtain the effective spray angle by using the follow-ing trigometric calculation:S2 3 tan21S12width/heightDD6.4 Spray Volume Distribution:6.4.1 The relative volume distribution of a nozzle is deter-mined by dividing the width-of-spray pattern into equal seg-ments and comparing the a

44、mount of water collected in eachsegment with those adjacent to it. The distribution is normallyrepresented in volumetric units such as milliliters per minute,litres per minute, gallons per minute, or relative volumetricunits.6.4.2 The volume distribution of the four different types ofspray nozzles m

45、ay be determined by an actual volume-timemeasurement or a weight-time measurement. The size and typeof nozzle may determine which method of measurement ispractical. The majority of the flat-fan type nozzles and thecone-type nozzles would encourage the use of the volume-timemethod. Large capacity fla

46、t-fan type nozzles and the floodingtype nozzles would favor the weight-time method (see Fig. 3and Fig. 4).6.4.3 Volume-Time Method:6.4.3.1 Mount the nozzle at a predetermined distance abovethe spray distribution testing table.6.4.3.2 Set the desired spray pressure according to themethod given in 6.1

47、.6.4.3.3 Pass water through the nozzle for a short period oftime to allow the troughs to become wetted and provideuniform dripping from the valleys of the groves. To ensure thatno water enters the graduated tubes cylinders located at the endof the troughs during this process, a graduated tube holdin

48、gmechanism which allows the tubes cylinders to be quicklyswung in and out of the sprays run-off is used.6.4.3.4 Collect the water in the graduated tubes for a giveninterval of time.6.4.3.5 In some cases it may be impractical to swivel thetube holding mechanism. Under such circumstances it isdesirabl

49、e to use a shutter-type procedure in conducting thedistribution test. Set the test pressure while diverting the sprayE641 01 (2012)14away from the collection device until the pressure has stabi-lized. Then quickly release the deflection device and collect thespray for the appropriate interval. Take care using this methodso as not to get extraneous readings caused by the movementof the shuttering device.6.4.3.6 Read the amount of water collected directly from thegraduated tubes cylinders to the nearest unit denoted, therebyproviding the volume-time discharge