ASTM E641-2001(2006) Standard Methods for Testing Hydraulic Spray Nozzles Used in Agriculture《农用液压喷嘴的试验的标准方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 641 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Methods for TestingHydraulic Spray Nozzles Used in Agriculture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 641; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l

2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These methods cover procedures for testing hydraulicspray nozzles used in agriculture. The methods herein cover thefol

3、lowing performance parameters: nozzle flow rate, nozzlespray angle, liquid distribution, spray droplet size, and nozzlewearability.1.2 These methods are applicable to hydraulic spray nozzleswhich produce the following spray patterns: flat-fan, hollowcone, and full cone.1.3 This standard does not pur

4、port to address the safetyconcerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standar

5、d:2.1.1 The types of hydraulic spray nozzles considered arecategorized according to spray characteristics, as follows:2.1.1.1 flat-fan “tapered edge” type spray nozzlethisnozzle provides a range of atomization sizes throughout thepattern area. Its edges are tapered to permit the overlapping ofspray

6、patterns from adjacent nozzles, thereby providing rela-tively uniform overall distribution. These nozzles are popularon field-type crop sprayers where uniform coverage is desiredacross the swath.2.1.1.2 flat fan “even edge” type spray nozzlethis nozzleprovides relatively uniform atomization size as

7、compared tothe “tapered edge” type nozzle and uniform distributionthroughout the spray pattern. There is no requirement foroverlap of adjacent spray patterns when using this nozzle. It isused primarily to spray uniform strips or bands in fields.2.1.1.3 flooding or deflector-fan type spray nozzlethis

8、nozzle produces a low impact spray with a wide-angle flatpattern having uniform distribution when low pressures areused. It is used primarily on field-type sprayers when broadcoverage at lower pressures is desired.2.1.1.4 hollow cone and full cone nozzlethe hollow conenozzle normally provides unifor

9、m distribution throughout ahollow cone pattern area. The full cone nozzle, providesuniform distribution throughout its full cone pattern. Bothtypes are used extensively for spraying of fruits and vegetables,some row crops with pesticides, and aerial applications.3. Significance and Use3.1 The purpos

10、e of these methods is to provide uniformtesting procedures for evaluating the performance criteria ofhydraulic spray nozzles used for agricultural purposes.3.2 The procedures set forth in these methods are for spraynozzles of the hydraulic energy type in which the spraymaterial is forced through an

11、orifice under pressure, providingfluid break-up into droplets.3.3 Droplet producing nozzles that operate by means otherthan hydraulic energy are not applicable to these methods.4. Apparatus4.1 This section covers equipment used in testing hydraulicspray nozzles. The equipment and apparatus listed ar

12、e suffi-cient for use in all methods described herein.4.2 Fundamental equipment common to all of the testmethods are as follows:4.2.1 Water Reservoir or Retaining VesselA water reser-voir or vessel sufficiently large to provide smooth continuousflow to the nozzle(s) throughout the duration of a part

13、iculartest.4.2.2 Pump or Source of Water PressureApump or sourceof water pressure sufficient to maintain the required testpressure with less than 62 % deviation from the nominalpressure.4.2.3 Pressure Gage:4.2.3.1 A pressure gage with an accuracy of 62 % at theactual working pressure. It should have

14、 a maximum pressurereading on the dial face such that the test pressure can be asnear the midrange of the gage as possible.4.2.3.2 The pressure gage should be calibrated prior to useat each of the required test pressures by using a Certified DeadWeight Gage calibrator or a suitable manometer capable

15、 ofgage calibration.4.2.4 Pressure Regulator,4.2.5 Control Valves,4.2.6 Inline Strainer,1These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and Alternative Control Agents and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.C

16、urrent edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 641 01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.7 Piping,4.2.8 Union Tees,4.2.9 Union E

17、lbows.4.3 General equipment and arrangement schematics used intesting each of the performance criteria are as follows.4.3.1 Discharge Rate:4.3.1.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 1.4.3.1.2 Cylinders, Graduated, sized to meet specific testrequirement.4.3.1.3 Stop Watch, having 0.2-s resolution or better.

18、4.3.1.4 Collecting Vessel, glass, metal or plastic, sized tomeet test requirements.4.3.1.5 Laboratory Beakers,4.3.1.6 Flowmeter, Electronic or manual with accuracy of63 % of scale4.3.1.7 Balance, top loading with sensitivity of 60.01g orbetter accuracy of 0.1g or better.4.3.2 Spray angle:4.3.2.1 App

19、aratus SchematicSee Fig. 2.4.3.2.2 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4.3.2.3 Spray Protractor, having a minimum arm length of300-mm (12-in.).4.3.3 Distribution:4.3.3.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.4.3.3.2 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4.3.3.3 Spray Pattern Distribution

20、Testing Racks, Troughs,and Beakers.4.3.3.4 Balance,asin4.3.1.7.4.3.3.5 Stop Watch,asin4.3.1.3.4.3.4 Particle SizeSince there is no agreement on meth-ods of sampling and measurement, this section is omitted atthis time. (Note the section on reporting of measurements, 6.5.)FIG. 1 Discharge Rate Test E

21、quipmentFIG. 2 Spray Angle Test EquipmentFIG. 3 Distribution TableE 641 01 (2006)24.3.5 Wearability:4.3.5.1 Apparatus SchematicSee Fig. 5.4.3.5.2 Pressure Tank, with agitator and air regulator.4.3.5.3 Wear Media.4.3.5.4 Imhoff Settling Cone, 1000-ml.4.3.5.5 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Table.4

22、.3.5.6 Spray Pattern Distribution Testing Racks, Troughs,and Beakers.4.3.5.7 Collection Vessel,asin4.3.1.4.4.3.5.8 Balance,asin4.3.1.7.4.3.5.9 Stop Watch,asin4.3.1.3.4.3.5.10 Cylinder,asin4.3.1.2.4.3.5.11 Flowmeter,asin4.3.1.6.5. Spray Medium5.1 It has been accepted practice to use clean, clear wate

23、r asa standard. However, testing procedures do not preclude usingthese methods for other liquids.5.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall beunderstood to mean clean, clear, filtered water at a temperatureof 20 to 25C (68 to 70F).6. Procedure6.1 Pressure Adjustment:6.1.1 Pump Method:

24、6.1.1.1 Add the spray media to the system.6.1.1.2 With the recirculation valve open and the sprayvalve closed, turn on the spray pump.6.1.1.3 Open the spray valve and slowly close the recircu-lation valve until the desired spray pressure is reached.6.1.2 Air Pressure Method:6.1.2.1 Add the spray med

25、ia to the system.6.1.2.2 With both the spray valve and pressure regulatorclosed, apply air pressure to the system.6.1.2.3 Open the spray valve and slowly open the pressureregulator until the desired spray pressure is obtained.6.2 Discharge Rate:6.2.1 The discharge rate of a nozzle is normally denote

26、d involume-time units such as litres per minute, litres per second,or gallons per minute.6.2.2 The discharge rate can be determined by a methodsuch as an actual volume-time measurement, an actual weight-time measurement, or a volume-time measurement observeddirectly from an accurately calibrated flo

27、w meter. The dis-charge rate of the nozzle may determine what method ofmeasurement is practical. (See Fig. 1.)6.2.3 Volume-Time Measurement Method:6.2.3.1 Adjust spray pressure to desired setting.6.2.3.2 Pass water through the nozzle and collect it in aclean, dry, graduated cylinder for an interval

28、of at least 1 min,as measured by a stop watch. The nozzle discharge during thetime interval should fill at least 75 % of the cylinder graduatedvolume.6.2.3.3 Read the amount of water collected directly from thegraduated cylinder to the nearest units denoted, thereby pro-viding the volume-time discha

29、rge rate.6.2.3.4 Repeat this procedure three separate times and usean average of the three observations as the measured dischargerate.6.2.3.5 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, graduated cylinder capacity andlowest unit of measure, and spray media.6.2.4 Wei

30、ght-Time Method:6.2.4.1 Establish the tare weight of a collection vessel.6.2.4.2 Adjust spray pressure to desired setting.6.2.4.3 Spray water into the collection vessel for an intervalof at least 1 min, as timed by a stop watch.6.2.4.4 Establish the net weight of the discharged water byreweighing th

31、e collection vessel to the nearest 0.1 g. The resultis a weight-time discharge rate that is mathematically con-verted to the volume-time values normally used to denotedischarge rate.Lmin5kgmin3 1Sgalmin5lbmin318.32DFIG. 4 Distribution RackFIG. 5 Wearability Test EquipmentE 641 01 (2006)36.2.4.5 Repe

32、at this procedure three separate times and usean average of the three observations as the measured dischargerate.6.2.4.6 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, net weight, net weight of dis-charge, and spray media.6.2.5 Flow Meter Method:6.2.5.1 Calibrate the f

33、lowmeter by an actual volume-timeprocedure as described in 6.2.3. Exercise caution when usingflowmeters since water temperature, build up of mineraldeposits and age of meters can seriously alter accuracy.6.2.5.2 Pass water directly through the flow meter at thedesired test pressure to provide “direc

34、t” discharge rate read-ings. An average of at least two meter reading should be usedfor determining the discharge rate. One reading should betaken by slowly increasing the pressure up to the desired testpressure. A second reading should be taken by increasing thepressure beyond the desired test pres

35、sure and slowly loweringthe pressure back to the desired pressure.6.2.5.3 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate, type and scale of flowmeter, andspray media.6.3 Spray Angle:6.3.1 The spray angle of a nozzle is normally denoted interms of degrees and is a measur

36、e of the angular segmentformed by the nozzle orifice and the outermost edges of itsgenerated spray.6.3.2 The spray angle of the four different types of spraynozzles can be determined by an angular measure using acalibrated protractor or on a spray distribution testing table bymeasuring the effective

37、 pattern width and using the sprayheight to calculate the angle. The size of the nozzle maydetermine which method of measuring is practical. (See Fig.2.)6.3.3 Angular Measurement:6.3.3.1 Set the desired spray pressure, as determined by thespecific spray application, according to the method given in6

38、.1.6.3.3.2 Pass water through the nozzle and position thecalibrated protractor above the spray.6.3.3.3 Open the protractor arms wider than the spraypattern to be measured and position the vertex of the angle asclose to the point of spray discharge as possible. Then slowlynarrow the protractors arms

39、to where they become parallel forthe longest distance with the edges of the spray pattern.6.3.3.4 Read the relative spray angle directly from theprotractor.6.3.3.5 Repeat this testing procedure three separate timesand use an average of the three observations as the measuredspray angle.6.3.4 Width-of

40、-Coverage Method:6.3.4.1 Mount the nozzle at a predetermined distance abovethe spray distribution testing table.6.3.4.2 Set the desired spray pressure as determined by thespecific spray application, according to the method given in6.1.6.3.4.3 Pass water through the nozzle for an interval of timesuff

41、icient to define spray pattern. Allow the water to run downthe “V” grooves on the table and collect in the graduatedcylinders positioned under the grooves.6.3.4.4 Determine the actual width of the spray pattern byobserving the cylinders outermost from the spray centerretaining a sufficient amount of

42、 water to define the spray width.6.3.4.5 Obtain the effective spray angle by using the follow-ing trigometric calculation:S2 3 tan 1S12width/heightD6.4 Spray Volume Distribution:6.4.1 The relative volume distribution of a nozzle is deter-mined by dividing the width-of-spray pattern into equal seg-me

43、nts and comparing the amount of water collected in eachsegment with those adjacent to it. The distribution is normallyrepresented in volumetric units such as milliliters per minute,litres per minute, gallons per minute, or relative volumetricunits.6.4.2 The volume distribution of the four different

44、types ofspray nozzles may be determined by an actual volume-timemeasurement or a weight-time measurement. The size and typeof nozzle may determine which method of measurement ispractical. The majority of the flat-fan type nozzles and thecone-type nozzles would encourage the use of the volume-timemet

45、hod. Large capacity flat-fan type nozzles and the floodingtype nozzles would favor the weight-time method (see Fig. 3and Fig. 4).6.4.3 Volume-Time Method:6.4.3.1 Mount the nozzle at a predetermined distance abovethe spray distribution testing table.6.4.3.2 Set the desired spray pressure according to

46、 themethod given in 6.1.6.4.3.3 Pass water through the nozzle for a short period oftime to allow the troughs to become wetted and provideuniform dripping from the valleys of the groves. To ensure thatno water enters the graduated tubes cylinders located at the endof the troughs during this process,

47、a graduated tube holdingmechanism which allows the tubes cylinders to be quicklyswung in and out of the sprays run-off is used.6.4.3.4 Collect the water in the graduated tubes for a giveninterval of time.6.4.3.5 In some cases it may be impractical to swivel thetube holding mechanism. Under such circ

48、umstances it isdesirable to use a shutter-type procedure in conducting thedistribution test. Set the test pressure while diverting the sprayaway from the collection device until the pressure has stabi-lized. Then quickly release the deflection device and collect thespray for the appropriate interval

49、. Take care using this methodso as not to get extraneous readings caused by the movementof the shuttering device.6.4.3.6 Read the amount of water collected directly from thegraduated tubes cylinders to the nearest unit denoted, therebyproviding the volume-time discharge for equal incrementswithin the spray.6.4.3.7 Repeat the procedure and use an average of the twoobservations as the result.E 641 01 (2006)46.4.3.8 ReportNozzle type and size, test pressure, spraytime, average discharge rate for each segment, graduated tubecapacity or through the ASTM website(www.a