ASTM E631-2006 Standard Terminology of Building Constructions《建筑物结构的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 631 06Standard Terminology ofBuilding Constructions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 631; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica

2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard consists of terms and definitions pertain-ing to the field of buildings, and in particular, terms related tothe standards generated by ASTM Committe

3、e E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings.1.2 The purpose of this Terminology is to provide meaningsand explanations of technical terms in the buildings field,written for both the non-expert and the expert user.1.3 This comprehensive Terminology standard contains allASTM standardized definitions generated

4、in ASTM Commit-tee E06. There are also subsidiary terminology standards.These special classes of terminology are grouped for conve-nient use (see Section 2). Some subsidiary terminology stan-dards appear in this comprehensive standard.1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compoundterms appe

5、ar in the natural spoken order. To show the relation-ships in certain families of concepts, groups of narrower termsand their definitions are grouped under the definition of thebroader term. Each such sub-entry is listed also (in italics) witha cross-reference to the special class.1.5 Certain standa

6、rd definitions herein are adopted fromother sources. Each is an exact copy. The source is identified atthe right margin following the definition, and is listed inSection 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsC 168 Terminology Relating to T

7、hermal InsulationC 460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement3C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentC 755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders forThermal InsulationD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 907 Termi

8、nology of AdhesivesE73 Practice for Static Load Testing of Truss AssembliesE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 148 Specification for Apparatus for Microdeterminationof Nitrogen by the Dumas Method3E 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hy

9、drom-etryE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 489 Test Method for Tensile Strength Properties of MetalConnector Plates3E 564 Practice for Static Load Test for Shear Resistance ofFramed Walls for BuildingsE 774 Specification for the Classification of the Durabilityof Sealed Insulatin

10、g Glass Units3E 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate byFan PressurizationE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 859 Test Method for Air Erosion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials (SFRMs) Applied to Structural Mem-bersE 985 Specification for Permanent Metal Railing Systemsand Rails for

11、 BuildingsE 998 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inWindows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence ofUniform Static Loads by Nondestructive MethodE 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE 1186 Practices forAir Leakage Site Detection in BuildingEnvelo

12、pes and Air Barrier SystemsE 1334 Practice for Rating the Serviceability of a Buildingor Building-Related FacilityE 1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E 1481 Terminology of Railing Systems and Rails forBuildings1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06

13、onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.94on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 631 93a (1998)e1.Those terms formerly contained in Defini

14、tions E 540 77 are now contained inthis terminology.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdraw

15、n.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate LeadDuring Abatement and Construction Activities3E 1554 Test Methods for Determining ExternalAir Leakageof Air Distribution Syst

16、ems by Fan PressurizationE 1566 Guide for Handling Hazardous Biological Materialsin Liquid NitrogenE 1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE 1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(F

17、AAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE 1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE 1677 Specification for an Air Barrier (AB) Material orSystem for Low-Rise Framed Building WallsE 1679 Practice for Setting the Requir

18、ements for the Ser-viceability of a Building or Building-Related FacilityE 1726 Practice for Preparation of Soil Samples by HotplateDigestion for Subsequent Lead AnalysisE 1749 Terminology Relating to Rigid Wall RelocatableSheltersE 1753 Practice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot TestKits for Det

19、ection of Lead in Dry Paint FilmsE 1775 Guide for Evaluating Performance of On-Site Ex-traction and Field-Portable Electrochemical or Spectropho-tometric Analysis for LeadE 1783 Specification for Preformed Architectural StripSeals for Buildings and Parking StructuresE 1792 Specification for Wipe Sam

20、pling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE 1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE 1807 Terminology Pertaining to Metal Connector Plates3E 1827 Test Methods for Determining Airtightness ofBuildings Using an Orifice Blower DoorE 1828 Pract

21、ice for Evaluating the Performance Character-istics of Qualitative Chemical Spot Test Kits for Lead inPaintE 1918 Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance ofHorizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the Field3F 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made Therefro

22、mF 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 Symbols:aheight of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).blength of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).Cinitial length of the diagonal =a21 b2, in metres (feet).ddiagonal elongation, in millimetres (inches).Dtotal hori

23、zontal displacement of the top of the wallmeasured with respect to the test apparatus, in millimetres(inches). This value includes effects due to panel rotation,translation, and shear.Emodulus of elasticity of flange or web material, dependingupon which material is held constant in a transformedsect

24、ion analysis, psi (or MPa)Gshear modulus of the web material, psi (or MPa)G*shear stiffness of the diaphragm obtained from test(includes shear deformation factor for the connection sys-tem), lbf/in. (or N/mm)Gshear stiffness obtained from test, in newtons per metre(pound-force per inch).G*global she

25、ar stiffness, includes rotation and translationaldisplacements as well as diaphragm shear displacement.G*intinternal shear stiffness, includes only the shear dis-placement of the wall in calculation.Imoment of inertia of the transformed section of the dia-phragm based on webs or flanges, in.4(or mm4

26、)Ltotal span of a simply supported diaphragm, in. (or mm)Pconcentrated load, lbf (or N)Pconcentrated load applied at the top edge of the wall at theselected reference displacement, in newtons (pound-force).Puhighest load level held long enough to record gagemeasurements, in newtons (pound-force).Rum

27、aximum diaphragm reaction, lbf (or N)Suultimate shear strength of the diaphragm, lbf/ft (or N/m)aspan length of cantilever diaphragm, in. (or mm)bdepth of diaphragm, in. (or mm)tthickness of web material, in. (or mm)wuniform load, lbf/in. (or N/mm)Dbbending deflection of diaphragm, in. (or mm)Dkempi

28、rical expression for that portion of the diaphragmdeflection contributed by the shear deformation of theconnection system, in. (or mm)Dspure shear deformation of diaphragm, in. (or mm)Ds*apparent total shear deformation of the diaphragm basedon test (see 8.1.2.2), in. (or mm). This factor includes b

29、oththe pure shear deformation and that contributed by distortionof the connection system.Dttotal deflection of diaphragm, in. (or mm)D1,2,deformation measured at Point 1, 2,-,in.(ormm)3.2 Terms and Their Definitions:absolute sealinga level of sealing that requires all seams,slots, holes, and fastene

30、rs passing through the seal plane tobe sealed. E 1749abrasion resistance (coatings)ability of a coating to resistbeing worn away and to maintain its original appearance,integrity, and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping,or wear. E 1605accelerated testSee test, accelerated. E 1749accessible

31、 surfaceinterior or exterior surface (usually up to5 ft (1.5 m) from floor or ground) that is accessible for youngchild to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.E 1605accreditation, nofficial authorization, approval, or recogni-tion accorded an individual or organization based uponspecific qualif

32、ication.DISCUSSIONIn specific use, it is necessary to include an identifica-tion of the type, scope, and limitations of the accreditation, and bywhom granted.accuracy, ndegree of conformity of a measured or calcu-lated value to some recognized standard or specified value.E 1605E631062DISCUSSIONThis

33、concept involves the systematic error of an opera-tion, which is usually measurable. Compare precision.ACH50, nthe ratio of the air leakage rate at 50 Pa (0.2 in.H2O), corrected for a standard air density, to the volume ofthe test zone (1/h). E 1827acid rainrain having a pH of less than 5.65.DISCUSS

34、IONThe pH of distilled water in equilibrium with carbondioxide under laboratory conditions is 5.6.active hoursSee hours of operation. E 1480active solar energy systemSee building subsystem.4adaptSee building modification.addSee building modification.adhesivea substance capable of holding materials t

35、ogetherby means of surface attachment. E 1749cold setting adhesivean adhesive which sets at tempera-tures below 20C (68F). E 1749contact pressure adhesivea resinous adhesive which isaggressively and permanently tacky at room temperature andadheres to a variety of surfaces upon contact with aminimum

36、of pressure required. (Syn. pressure-sensitiveadhesives.) E 1749core splice adhesivea film adhesive, capable of expansionof at least 175 % of its original thickness, used primarily tojoin or splice together two or more separate sections of corematerial in sandwich constructions. E 1749foamed adhesiv

37、ean adhesive, the apparent density ofwhich has been decreased substantially by the presence ofnumerous gaseous cells dispersed throughout its mass.E 1749supported film adhesivean adhesive material incorporat-ing a carrier that remains in the bond when the adhesive isemployed; carrier support materia

38、l is usually composed oforganic/inorganic fibers which may be in woven (knit) ornonwoven (mat) form. E 1749unsupported film adhesivean adhesive material in filmform without a carrier support. E 1749adhesive, contactan adhesive that is apparently dry to thetouch and that will adhere to itself instant

39、aneously uponcontact. E 1749adjusted internal rate-of-return (AIRR)the compoundrate of interest that, when used to discount the terminalvalues of costs and benefits of a project over a given studyperiod, will make the costs equal the benefits when cashflows are reinvested at a specified rate. (Syn.

40、financialmanagement rate of return (FMRR) E 833adjusted serviceability scoreSee serviceability score.E 1480administrative removal(of workers), temporary removal ofworkers from a job site prior to blood-lead levels reachingvalues requiring medical removal. E 1605aged insulation valuethermal resistanc

41、e (R-value) of athermal insulation material as determined after standardconditioning to simulate service exposure.air-change rateair-leakage in volume units per hour dividedby the building space volume with identical volume units(normally expressed as air changes per hour, ACH orACPH). E 779air exfi

42、ltrationair leakage out of the building driven bynegative pressure. E 1677negative pressureair pressure on the outdoor side of abuilding envelope lower than on the indoor side. E 1677air-handling unitthe distribution-system fan and portion ofthe distribution system that is integral to the furnace,ai

43、r-conditioner, or heat-pump. E 1554air infiltrationair leakage into the building drive by positivepressure. E 1677positive pressureair pressure on the outdoor side of abuilding envelope higher than on the indoor side. E 1677air leakage, nin buildings, the passage of uncontrolled airthrough cracks or

44、 openings in the building envelope or itscomponents, such as ducts, because of air pressure ortemperature difference.air leakagethe movement/flow of air through the buildingenvelope, which is driven by either or both positive (infil-tration) and negative (exfiltration) pressure differencesacross the

45、 envelope. E 1677DISCUSSIONThese pressure differences are caused by wind, me-chanical systems, and temperature differences (stack effect).air-leakage graphthe graph that shows the relationship ofmeasured air flow rates to the corresponding measuredpressure differences (usually plotted on a log-log s

46、cale).E 779air leakage rate, Qenv, nthe total volume of air passingthrough the test zone envelope per unit of time (m3/s,ft3/min). E 1827air-leakage ratethe volume of air movement per unit timeacross the building envelope. E 779NOTE 1This movement includes flow through joints, cracks, andporous surf

47、aces, or combination thereof. The driving force for such an airleakage in service can be either mechanical pressurization and de-pressurization, natural wind pressures, or air temperatures differentialsbetween the building interior and the outdoors, or combination thereof.air leakage ratethe time ra

48、te of air flow across the airretarder. Expressed as cubic feet per minute per square footof AR surface at a stated pressure differential across the ARexpressed in inches of H2O. (Cubic meters per second persquare meter of AR surface at a pressure differential inPascals.) E 1677air leakage ratethe vo

49、lume of air movement per unit timeacross the building envelope. This movement includes flowthrough joints, cracks, and porous surfaces or combinationsthereof. The driving force for such air leakage in buildingscan be either mechanical pressurization or evacuation, natu-ral wind pressures, or air temperature differentials betweenthe building interior and the outdoors, or combinationsthereof. E 1186air-leakage ratethe volume of air movement per unit timeacross the building envelope or the exterior envelope of