ASTM E456-2012 red 8758 Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics 《与质量和统计学相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation:E456084Designation: E456 12An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th

2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTENew terms were added and other ter

3、ms corrected editorially in January 2009.2NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2010.3NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2011.4NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in April 2012.1. Scope1.1 This standard is

4、the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative forthat term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative

5、 standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any termsadded to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normativefor

6、 any E11 terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Result

7、s of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325

8、Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and LTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexe

9、d by AQLE2281 Practice for Process and Measurement Capability IndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound For a Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rate ofOccurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute Data, When

10、 There is a Zero Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample and Two-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a Single Laboratory Usinga Control Sample ProgramE2

11、555 Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process Control1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E

12、11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 onEditorial/Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E456061. DOI:10.1520/E0456-08E04.Current edition approved M

13、ay 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E456 084. DOI:10.1520/E0456-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume info

14、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately

15、depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA

16、 19428-2959, United States.E2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and Use of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM Test MethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the Exponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Comply with an Acceptan

17、ce ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)E2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Continuous Sampling of a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Stat

18、istics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots issubmitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived as

19、: (1)atheoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experimental workof some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental workunder the auspices of a scientific or e

20、ngineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result and an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effects which are estimated by the same contrast and which, therefore,cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, npr

21、obability sampling in which a map, rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the sampling frame.E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in a process or product output that is feasible to detect and identify (seespecial cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values o

22、r test results that indicate the presence or absence of specific characteristics or counts ofoccurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by the method of attributes consists of noting the presence (or absence) of somecharacteristic or attribute in each

23、 of the units in the group under consideration, and counting how many units do (or do not)possess the quality attribute, or how many such events occur in the unit, group, or area. E2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample selected for review of all sample selection and data collection pro

24、cedures.E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percent defective of outgoing product including all accepted lots or batches,after any defective units found in them are replaced by acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are not accepted after suchlots or batches have been effectiv

25、ely 100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by acceptable units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), nthe maximum of the AOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective for theprocess, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protection, na type of protection

26、in which there is prescribed some chosen value of average percent defectivein the product after inspection (average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the long run no matter whatmay be the level of percent defective in the product submitted to the inspector. E1994average ru

27、n length (ARL), nthe average number of times that a process will have been sampled and evaluated before a shiftin process level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average of sample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incomplete block design

28、 in which each block contains the same number k ofdifferent versions from the t versions of a single principal factor arranged so that every pair of versions occurs together in thesame number, l, of blocks from the b blocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the test results and

29、an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass of material that is representative of the whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the count of occurrences of an event in a defined increment of time or space. E2587calibration, nprocess of establishin

30、g a relationship between a measurement device and a known standard value(s). E2782center line, nline on a control chart depicting the average level of the statistic being monitored. E2587chance cause, nsource of inherent random variation in a process which is predictable within statistical limits (s

31、ee commoncause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or population which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed, helps todistinguish between the items. E2282check sample, nsee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possible defects of the unit of

32、 product arranged according to their seriousness, thatis, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unit consists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured for sampledclusters. E1402E456 122coefficient or variation (CV), nfor a nonnegative chara

33、cteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for a populationor sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which each laboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyze identicalportions of homogeneous materials to assess the performance characteristics obtained

34、 for that method of analysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cause. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance identified with a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which the treatments are

35、assigned at random to the full set of experimental units.E1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial experiment (including all replications) run in a completely randomizeddesign. E1325composite design, na design developed specifically for fitting second order response surfaces to study

36、 curvature, constructedby adding further selected treatments to those obtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence coefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586confidence interval, nan interval estimate L, U with the statistics L and U as l

37、imits for the parameter u and with confidencelevel 1-a, where Pr(L# u #U)$1- a. E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-a, of the probability associated with a confidence interval, often expressed as a percentage.E2586confidence limit, neach of the limits, L and U, of a confidence interval, or the limi

38、t of a one-sided confidence interval.E2586confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment in which only a fraction of the treatment combinations are run in eachblock and where the selection of the treatment combinations assigned to each block is arranged so that one or more prescribedeffects is

39、 (are) confounded with the block effect(s), while the other effects remain free from confounding. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effect of a factor or a differential effect between factors (interactions) withthe effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) or interactions(s).

40、E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specified rejectable quality level will be accepted under a defined sampling plan.E2555continuous sampling inspection, na method of sampling a stream of product in order of production where the samplingfrequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspect

41、ion results. E2819DISCUSSIONOnly those units of product found by the inspector or screening crew to be nonconforming are rejected. The rest of production,uninspected units as well as units found to be conforming, is allowed to continue down the production line as conforming material.contrast, na lin

42、ear function of the observations for which the sum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the parameters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselected linearcombinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a

43、 statistical measure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along with limits basedon the statistical distribution of that measure so as to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variation is inherent in theprocess or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending on sample

44、size, used to convert specified statistics or parameters into acentral line value or control limit appropriate to the control chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used as criteria for signaling the need for action or judging whether a set ofdata does or does not indicate a

45、 state of statistical control based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneous material for the purposes of monitoring the performance of a testmethod in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experience indicate would resul

46、t in hazardous or unsafe conditions for individualsusing, maintaining, or depending upon the product, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate is likely to preventperformance of the function of a major end item. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product with specified requirem

47、ents. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of independent data points minus the number of parameters that have to be estimated beforecalculating the variance. E2586dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which an experimental program is to be condu

48、cted, and the selection of the levels(versions) of one or more factors or factor combinations to be included in the experiment. Synonyms include experiment designand experimental design. E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in which up to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to a

49、ccept or rejecta lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentile using the sample data. This is a sample value such that a percentagep of the sample is less than that value. E2586E456 123equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical characteristic of interest calculated from observations made by drawingrandomly from the frame, all of the sampling units covered by the frame. E141error of result, na test result minus the accepted reference value of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsa