ASTM E3032-2015 Standard Guide for Climate Resiliency Planning and Strategy《气候恢复计划和策略的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E3032 15Standard Guide forClimate Resiliency Planning and Strategy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a set of options for planning climate resiliency management. This includesadapting local business and government infrastructure to

3、 chronic, extreme weather events and sealevel rise. It may not apply to entities where such assessment and risk management is already widelyavailable through standard sets of guidance, such as the construction of green buildings. This guideprovides a voluntary framework of the risk management option

4、s and steps that may be beneficial toevaluate climate resiliency solutions. It provides strategies for existing organizations, even thosecurrently operating outside of various voluntary and regulatory schemes. The environmentalassessment and risk management strategies contained in this guide recogni

5、ze the overall value ofexisting responses. This guide references and blends similar, effective programs and extends them toprovide a consistent approach that will facilitate communication and preparation for extreme weatherevents.BackgroundThis guide presents a series of options for an individual, g

6、roup or entity to use. Thegoal is a strategy or plan to address extreme weather.1. Scope1.1 OverviewFor the purposes of this guide, resiliencyrefers to efforts by entities, organizations, or individuals toprepare for or adjust to future extreme weather and relatedphysical conditions. The primary pur

7、pose is to reduce negativeeconomic impacts associated with extreme weather.1.1.1 This guide presents a generalized, systematic ap-proach to voluntary assessment and risk management ofextreme climate related events and conditions. It helps the userstructure their understanding of the climate related

8、vulnerabili-ties and consequences they seek to manage. It helps the useridentify adaptive actions of both an institutional (legal), as wellas engineering (physical) nature. Options for analysis providea priority ranking system to address the “worst first” risks of amunicipality, local area or facili

9、ty, addressing practicality andcost-benefit. Users may approach this analysis having initiallyundertaken a risk assessment to determine what they areseeking to manage, or use the guide to help determine thelikely areas of greatest need.1.1.2 These climate adaptations or adjustments may beeither prot

10、ective (that is, guarding against negative impacts ofextreme weather), or opportunistic (that is, taking advantage ofany beneficial effects of extreme weather).1.1.3 This guide addresses adaptation strategies and plan-ning in response to various impacts that may occur toindividuals, organizations, h

11、uman settlements or ecosystems ina broad variety of ways. For example, extreme weather mightincrease or decrease rainfall, influence agricultural crop yields,affect human health, cause changes to forests and otherecosystems, or impact energy supply or infrastructure.1.1.4 Climate-related impacts may

12、 occur locally within aregion or across a country and may affect many sectors of theeconomy. In order to meet these challenges, this guide providesan organized, uniform approach to prepare for the impacts ofextreme weather through planned “resiliency” strategies.1.1.5 This guide addresses options to

13、 deal with risk factorsthat may be key drivers for the economy, human health, theenvironment, or ecosystems. The guide is aimed at helpingusers understand risks and potential losses, and offers optionsand a generalized approach to bolster human and ecosystemresiliency to a changing climate. This inc

14、ludes sustainabilityconcepts such as support of economic stability and a goodquality of life.1.1.6 Adaptation can involve responses to extreme weatherand long-term preparation for future events. Local conditionswill require risk evaluation and analysis of both likely weatherevents and/or extreme wea

15、ther trends.1.1.7 This guide does not address the causes of extremeweather.1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to provide aseries of options consistent with preparing for extreme weather1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Cor

16、rective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.05 on Environmental Risk Management.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E303215Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State

17、s1events. This guide encourages consistent management ofclimate exposures and risks. The guide presents practices andrecommendations for regions, zones, and planning horizons toaddress institutional and engineering actions for reduction ofphysical and financial vulnerability attributable to extremew

18、eather. It reviews available technologies, institutionalpractices, and engineering actions that can be implemented byindividuals and organizations seeking to increase their adaptivecapacity.1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options forthe monitoring and tracking of performance of an indi

19、vidual ororganizations chosen strategy in order to evaluate its effec-tiveness and ensure that the approach continues to be reason-able.1.2.2 This guide ties into the ASTM E50 standards seriesrelated to environmental risk assessment and management.1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of this guide are to de

20、ter-mine the conditions of the community, facility and or/propertywith regard to risks of extreme weather events and actions to betaken to manage those risks.1.3.1 The guide presents information on planning and strat-egies for response to extreme weather events such as: drought,flood, fire, storms,

21、landslides, tidal surge, and extreme tem-peratures.1.3.2 The guide encourages users to set priorities, using amatrix based upon regions in the United States. For each regionthe guide identifies key climate vulnerabilities, requiringpreparation for future events. These could be extrapolated toother r

22、egions if there are similar conditions.1.4 Limitations of this GuideGiven the different types oforganizations that may wish to use this guide, as well asvariations in State and Local regulations, it is not possible toaddress all the relevant circumstances that might apply to aparticular facility. Th

23、is guide uses generalized language andexamples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how toapply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recom-mended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.4.1 The guide assumes risks are already identified and isnot intended t

24、o provide assistance with identifying or evaluat-ing risks.1.4.2 Insurance IndustryThe effects of climate extremeson insurers are not clear. The definition of an insurableoccurrence and a commencement point for when insurableclaims are made, along with when conditions were discoveredand the actionab

25、le information leading to an insurable loss isnot clear. It may be inappropriate to speculate on climateeffects that are highly uncertain for purposes of insurancerelated to specific events. While there are exclusions for “actsof God,” for example, claims associated with increasingextreme weather ev

26、ents may still have serious impacts on theinsurance industry.1.4.3 This guide does not take a position on the causes orscience of extreme weather.1.5 The guide uses references and information on thecontrol, management and reduction of impacts from manycited sources.1.6 Several national and internati

27、onal agencies served assources of information on existing and anticipated levels andmanagement of climate risks including: theAustralian Ministryof Environment; the Federal Emergency Management Agency;the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration;the Securities and Exchange Commission; t

28、he U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; theU.S. Department of Energy; the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency; and, the U.S. Department of Defense.1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory informationabout risks from various state agencies, including the Califor-nia Air

29、 Resources Board, the Massachusetts and ConnecticutDepartments of Environmental Protection, the Western ClimateInitiative, and other published high-level strategies and guid-ance. For example, the National Academy of Sciences guid-ance and the Climate and Risk section of the Envision ratingsystem pu

30、blished by the Institute of Sustainable Infrastructure.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility

31、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of BuildingsE2432 Guide for General Principles of Sustainability Rela-tive to BuildingsE2718 Guide for Financial DisclosuresAttributed to ClimateChange

32、E2725 Guide for Basic Assessment and Management ofGreenhouse Gases2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14001:1996 Environmental Management Systems Specification with guidance for use products of ISO/TC207 for which ASTM E50 was a participant on behalf ofANSIISO 14064-1: 2006-03-01 Greenhouse Gases Part 1 Speci-fi

33、cation with guidance at the organization level for quan-tification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions andremovals.ISO 31000:2009, Risk management Principles and guide-linesISO 14064-3: Part 3 Specification with guidance for thevalidation and verification of greenhouse gas assertionsISO Guide

34、73 Risk management VocabularyISO Draft Standard on Asset Management: Overview, Prin-ciples and Terminology (56/1358/DC)2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer

35、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E3032 1522.3 Standards Australia:4AS 5334-2013 Climate

36、change adaptation for settlementsand infrastructure A risk based approach3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 adaptation, nrisk treatment and mitigation actionsundertaken to reduce the adverse consequences of extremeweather, as well as to harness any beneficial opportunities.Adjustment or preparation

37、 of natural or human systems to anew or changing environment which moderates harm orexploits beneficial opportunities.3.1.2 adaptive capacity, nthe ability of a system to adjustto extreme weather (including climate variability and ex-tremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage ofopportu

38、nities, or to cope with the consequences. Response toand attenuation of potential damages, to take advantage ofopportunities, or to cope with the consequences.3.1.3 climate, nthe average and range of weather condi-tions in an area. More rigorously, the statistical description interms of the mean and

39、 variability of relevant weather param-eters over a period of time long enough to ensure representativevalues for a month or season. These parameters are most oftensurface variables such as temperature, humidity, air pressure,precipitation, and wind.3.1.4 contingency plan, nany plan of action that a

40、llows anorganization to respond to events should they occur, includesall plans that deal with stabilization, continuity of criticalbusiness functions and recovery, sometimes called a businesscontinuity plan.3.1.5 drought risk, nrating systems of USDAto determineappropriate planting, harvesting and w

41、ater conservationactivities, based upon region and expected weather events.3.1.6 ecosystem, nany natural unit or entity includingliving and non-living parts that interact to produce a systemthrough cyclic exchange of materials and energy.3.1.7 extreme temperature risk, nrating systems forvulnerabili

42、ty, especially to high temperatures in urban heat sinkareas.3.1.8 extreme weather, nsignificant change in physical,climactic events lasting for an extended period of time.Includes major changes in storm frequency, duration or inten-sity; temperature; precipitation patterns; or wind patterns,among ot

43、hers, that occur over several decades or longer.3.1.9 fire risk, nvarious rating systems to determine howlikely a fire is, given weather and wind conditions. TheNational Fire Protection Association has a rating system3.1.10 flood risk, nvarious rating systems to determine theflood zone associated wi

44、th flooding and water damage. Ratingsystem terminology includes various flood zones as defined byFEMAand State agencies for rainfall and tidal events. This caninclude the 5, 10, 25, 50,100 and 500 year events). The100-Year flood level and floodplain are the typical standard todefine severe flood lev

45、els and flood extent. The 100 year eventrisk is also defined as a one-in-100 or 1% likelihood ofoccurring in any given year.3.1.11 green buildings, nas defined in ASTM E2114,Standard Terminology Relative to the Performance of Build-ings and E2432, Guide for General Principles of SustainabilityRelati

46、ve to Buildings3.1.12 green roof, nconstruction of water retaining andheat lowering materials, especially plants, on the roofs ofbuildings to address storm-water flooding, extremetemperatures, and energy conservation. This includes systemswith assemblies that support an area of planting/landscaping,

47、built up on a waterproofed substrate at any level that isseparated from the natural ground by a human-made structure.Also defined in Guide E2432.3.1.13 extreme weather event, nphenomena such as tropi-cal storms, hurricanes, typhoons, noreasters, blizzards, hailstorms and floods. These phenomena are

48、at the extremes of thehistorical distribution, including especially severe or unsea-sonal conditions.3.1.14 extreme conditions, ntrends in climate and weather,over the long term that result in substantial impacts to the localbuilt and natural environment, including financial impacts.3.1.15 land move

49、ment, na threat to urban or naturalsystems expressed in terms of the combination of their likeli-hood of occurrence and their consequences. This includes soilaccretion, erosion, subsidence, landslides, and uplifts.3.1.16 mitigation, nattempts to lower or compensate forrisks from weather/climate related events including flood, fire,drought, extreme temperature, sea-level rise and storms.3.1.17 natural variability, nvariations in the mean stateand other statistics (such as standard deviations or statistics ofextremes) of the climate on all time an