ASTM E2708-2016 Standard Terminology for Accreditation and Certification《认可和认证的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2708 10E2708 16 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forPersonnel CredentialingAccreditation and Certification1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2708; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case

2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the credentialing of persons. accreditation and ce

3、rtification. These terms areoffered compiled from existingASTM E36 standards and other sources to enable the development of futureASTM documents andto provide guidance on proper usage of the terms. The first edition of this standard contained terms relating to personnel certificateand certification

4、programs. programs and is expanded. The source document for each definition is cited when an appropriatedocument is available. Many definitions are the product of the committee that compiled this terminology, and as such, are the resultof the collected knowledge and experience of the committee membe

5、rs.1.1.1 Since credentialing of persons isaccreditation and certification are being carried out by many different bodies in manycareer fields, usage of descriptive terms can vary. There is no attempt to include all credentialing accreditation and certificationterms in this terminology. Rather, this

6、terminology contains those terms most commonly encountered in the credentialingprocess.accreditation and certification programs.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE1187 Terminology Relating to Con

7、formity Assessment (Withdrawn 2006)3E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors UnderSpecified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the SpecimenE1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E1605 Terminology Relatin

8、g to Lead in BuildingsE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE1986 Guide for Information Access Privileges to Health InformationE2135 Terminology for Property and Asset ManagementE2159 Guide for Selection, Assignment, and Monitoring of Persons To Be Utilized as Assessors/Auditors or Technical

9、 ExpertsE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis and RheologyE2659 Practice for Certificate Programs1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E36 on Accreditation judging whether an individual or entity has met and continues to meetregulatory requ

10、irements; and recognizing the individual (certificant or license holder) or body (certification or licensure) as doingso.candidatecandidate, nan applicant who has fulfilled specified prerequisites, establishing eligibility to participate in thecredentialing process. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024ISO/IEC 17024ce

11、rtificantcertificant, nan individual who has earned a credential awarded through a certification program. ICEcertificatecertificate, na document (letter, card, or other medium) awarded to certificate holders that designates the successfulcompletion of a credentialing programs requisites. E2659certif

12、icate holderholder, nan individual who has been issued a certificate after successfully completing a credentialingprograms requisites. E2659certificate of attendance/certificate of participationparticipation, na document issued after an individual attends orparticipates in a particular meeting or co

13、urse. ICEDISCUSSIONE2708 163Typically, there is no knowledge assessed prior to issuing this type of document.Acertificate of attendance or participation is not a credential, becausethe recipients are not required to demonstrate competence through assessment or meet agreed upon professional or trade

14、standards.certificate programprogram, na nondegree-granting education or training program consisting of (1) a learning event orseries of events designed to educate or train individuals to achieve specified learning outcomes within a defined scope, and (2)a system designed to ensure individuals recei

15、ve a certificate only after verification of successful completion of all programrequisites, including but not limited to an evaluation of learner attainment of intended learning outcomes. E2659certificationcertification, nprocedure and action by a duly authorized body of determining, verifying, and

16、attesting in writingto the qualifications of individuals, processes, procedures, or items in accordance with applicable requirements. E1424professional certificationcertification, nprocedure and action by a duly authorized body of determining, verifying, andattesting in writing to the qualifications

17、 of individuals in a profession, in accordance with applicable requirements associated withthat profession.certification agencyagency, nthe organizational or administrative unit that offers or operates, or both, a certification program.ICEcertification boardboard, na group of individuals appointed o

18、r elected to govern one or more certification programs, as wellas the certification agency, and responsible for all certification decision making, including governance. ICEcertification body/entitybody/entity, na body that conducts certifications of conformity. E1187certification markmark, nthe symb

19、ol and use thereof which has been authorized by a certification body.certification processprocess, nall activities by which a certification body establishes that an individual fulfills specifiedrequirements, including application, evaluation, decision on certification, surveillance, and recertificat

20、ion.ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024ISO/IEC 17024certification programprogram, nthe standards, policies, procedures, assessment instruments, and related products andactivities through which individuals are publicly identified as qualified in a profession, occupation, role, or skill. ICEcommittee/certification com

21、mitteecommittee, na group of individuals appointed or elected to recommend and implementpolicy related to certification program operations. ICEcomplaintcomplaint, nexpression of dissatisfaction below the level of an appeal by any individualdissatisfaction, other thanappeal, by any person or organiza

22、tion to a credentialing conformity assessment body or accreditation body, relating to theactivities of that body to which body, where a response is expected. ISO/IEC 17000computer-based testing (CBT)(CBT), nuse of computers to deliver assessments, and sometimes the scoring and reportingof these asse

23、ssments.conflict of interestinterest, na conflict between the private interests and the official or professional responsibilities of anindividual in a position of influence and trust.confidentialityconfidentiality, nthe property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized ind

24、ividuals,entities, or processes. E1986conformity assessmentassessment, ndemonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person,or body are fulfilled. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONThe subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere such as test

25、ing, inspection and certification, as well as the accreditationof conformity assessment bodies.DISCUSSIONThe expression object of conformity assessment or object is used to encompass any particular material, product, installation, process, system, personor body to which conformity assessment is appl

26、ied. A service is covered by the definition of a product. ISO/IEC 17000third-party conformity assessmentassessment, nfor purposes of the certification of persons, a conformity assessment activitythat is performed by a person or body independent of the person or organization being assessed. ISO/IEC 1

27、7000ISO/IEC 17000conformity assessment systemsystem, nrules, procedures and management for carrying out conformity assessment.ISO/IEC 17000ISO/IEC 17000E2708 164DISCUSSIONConformity assessment systems may be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.conformity surveillances

28、urveillance, nevaluation of conformity to determine the continuing conformity with specifiedrequirements. E1187consensusconsensus, ngeneral agreement or accord on a matter that all can support; a majority of opinion, but not necessarilyunanimity.consensus processprocess, na formal procedure for reac

29、hing general agreement or accord, which includes the elements of dueprocess.constructed-response questionquestion, na type of test item in which the candidate produces the answer (for example, anessay or a fill in the blank) rather than selecting from multiple-choice options.consultancyconsultancy,

30、nparticipation in any of the activities of a conformity assessment body (CAB) subject toaccreditation. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17011ISO/IEC 17011DISCUSSIONExamples include:(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for a CAB;(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for a CAB;(2) Participating in

31、the operation or management of the system of a CAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific training towards the development and implementation of the management system orcompetence of a CAB, or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training for the development and implementation of the oper

32、ational procedures of a CAB.(2) Participating in the operation or management of the system of a CAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific training towards the development and implementation of the management system or competence of a CAB,or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training f

33、or the development and implementation of the operational procedures of a CAB.content domainsdomains, nthe set of organized categories characterizing subject matter under which knowledge and skillsmay be represented in specifications for assessment instruments. ICEcontinuing competencecompetence, nth

34、e ability to provide service at specified levels of knowledge and skill, not only at thetime of initial certification/licensure but throughout an individuals professional career. ICEcontinuing educationeducation, nactivities, often short courses, that certified or licensed professionals engage in to

35、 receivecredit for the purpose of maintaining continuing competence and renewing certification or licensure. ICEcredentialingcredentialing, nthe process by which an entity authorized and qualified to do so, grants formal recognition to,or records the recognition status of individuals, organizations,

36、 institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing (licensing) authorityauthority, nan entity authorized and qualified to do so, that grants formal recognition to,or records the recognition status of individuals, organization

37、s, institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing processprocess, na method for maintaining quality standards of knowledge and performance, and in somecases, for stimulating continued self-improvement. ICEcriterion-referen

38、ced standardstandard, na pass-fail standard determined by characteristics of the test (for example, thedifficulty) rather than characteristics of the candidates (for example, the ability).decertify/decertificationdecertify/decertification, nto withdraw certification from an individual.designationdes

39、ignation, nthe title or trademarked label applied to the achievement of a credential. ISO/IEC 17000ISO/IEC17000discipline/disciplinary actionaction, na formal, published process for the enforcement of standards governing theprofessional behavior (that is, ethics, standards of practice) of certifican

40、ts or licensees. ICEdocument(1) ) v, to confirm (usually in writing) that a document is genuine;(2) ) v, to bear witness that someone actually signed a document, such as a will;(3) ) n, documentation as evidence such as policies and procedures, test reports, etc.E2708 165due processprocess, na funda

41、mental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts.DISCUSSIONIn certification, all procedures set by the certification body must be followed for each individual so that no prejudicial or unequal treatment results.eligibility criteriacriteria, npublis

42、hed criteria or prerequisites, often benchmarks for education, training and experience, withwhich applicants must demonstrate compliance in order to qualify for certification or licensure. ICEeligibility requirementsrequirements, nthe documents that support and show compliance with eligibility crite

43、ria.endorsementendorsement, nthe act of pledging or committing support to a program, proposal, or candidate.equatingequating, na statistical process for determining comparability of scores across test forms in a given credentialingprogram.equivalence/equivalence of conformity assessment resultsresul

44、ts, nsufficiency of different conformity assessment results toprovide the same level of assurance of conformity with regard to the same specified requirements. ISO/IEC 17000ISO/IEC17000essential elementelement, na statement that is directly related to a standard and specifies what a credentialing pr

45、ogram mustdo to fulfill the requirement of the standard. ICEexamination/testexamination/test, na mechanism(s) that is part of the evaluation, which measures a candidates knowledgeor skill using one or more means, such as written, oral, practical, and observational. E1187essayessay, nan examination t

46、hat requires a relatively lengthy, written response to the presentation of the writers topic.multiple choice examination/testexamination/test, nan assessment of knowledge in which candidates select the correctresponse from among several choices or alternatives.performance examination/testexamination

47、/test, nan examination approach wherein candidates must interact with real orsimulated systems.DISCUSSIONPerformance examinations/tests can be portfolios, on demand tasks that may be essays or experiments in response to a prompt or a problem, long termprojects, demonstrations of work, observations,

48、etc.practical examination/testexamination/test, nan examination that requires participation in an activity.examinerexaminer, nan individual with relevant technical and personal qualifications, competent to conduct or score, or both,an examination. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024ISO/IEC 17024expertexpert, nan ind

49、ividual assigned by a credentialing body to provide specific knowledge or expertise with respect to thescope to be assessed. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17011NSI/ISO/IEC 17011DISCUSSIONAn expert in the context of credentialing is usually a subject matter expert that assists in designing the assessments and developing a defensible passingscore.extending accreditation, nprocess of enlarging the scope of accreditation. ISO/IEC 17000fairnessfairness, nthe principle that all individual