ASTM E2641-2009 Standard Practice for Best Practices for Safe Application of 3D Imaging Technology《安全三维成像技术最佳安全应用的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2641 09Standard Practice forBest Practices for Safe Application of 3D ImagingTechnology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2641; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice for the safe application of 3D imagingtechnology will focus primarily on the application of specifictechnology com

3、ponents common to 3D imaging systems.When appropriate, reference may be made to existing stan-dards written for said technologies.1.2 Safety standards relevant to specific industry practiceswhere the technology may be applied will not be developedgiven the very broad potential for application over m

4、anyindustries. However, general mention and recommendationswill be made to industry specific safety guidelines relevant tosome common applications.1.3 This practice covers the following topics:1.3.1 End-user/operator responsibilities,1.3.2 Safety plan,1.3.3 Safety awareness,1.3.4 Safe application of

5、 laser technology common to 3Dimaging systems, and1.3.5 References to some applicable government regula-tions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safet

6、y and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standard:2ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for the Safe Useof Lasers2.2 IEC Standard:3IEC 60825 Safety of Laser Products2.3 Federal Standards:421 CFR 1040.10 Laser Pro

7、ducts21 CFR 1040.11 Specific Purpose Laser ProductsOSHA STD 01-05-001-PUB 8-1.7 Guidelines for LaserSafety and Hazard Assessment3. Significance and Use3.1 The overall purpose of standards is to document andcommunicate best practices in the successful and consistentapplication of 3D imaging technolog

8、y. When executed effec-tively, this leads to an enhanced project performance. Thispractice offers a guideline for safe field operational proceduresused in the application of 3D imaging technology.3.2 ApplicabilityAs 3D imaging technology is appliedacross an ever increasing area of application, a set

9、 of uniformstandards for their safe application is necessary. This bestpractice shall serve as a guideline to both operator and end userensuring that necessary and reasonable precautions have beentaken to ensure the safe application of 3D imaging technology.4. End-User/Operator Responsibilities4.1 S

10、afe operation of 3D imaging equipment is the respon-sibility of both the end user and operator. The end user isidentified as that party using the 3D imaging system deliver-able to meet certain project requirements. To the greatest extentpossible, the end user shall ensure that safety practices arebe

11、ing followed.4.2 3D imaging system operators, identified as the partyoperating the 3D imaging system, bear the primary responsi-bility for its safe application. They should be sufficientlytrained in the safe and correct methods of the 3D imagingtechnology operation. In addition to those practices sp

12、ecific tothe technology, the operators shall be aware of site-specificsafety requirements and practices and ensure that these arebeing followed consistently.4.3 Safety Plan:1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E57 on 3D ImagingSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommi

13、ttee E57.03 on Best Practices.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. DOI: 10.1520/E2641-09.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.3Available from International Electrotechnical Commission

14、 (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.4Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., N.W., Washington, DC 20402-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con

15、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3.1 Given the mutual responsibility for safety by the enduser and the operator, a written safety plan designed for aspecific 3D imaging project is strongly recommended. Devel-opment of such a plan should be the mutual responsibility ofboth the end user and t

16、he operator with each contributing theirrespective knowledge, training, and experience. Any safetyplan should encompass practices designed to ensure the safeapplication of the 3D imaging system while meeting the safetyrequirements relevant to a specific site.4.3.2 The safety plan establishes a commo

17、n understandingand awareness of safety by both the end user and the operator.Typically, a safety plan should address, but is not limited to:4.3.2.1 Safe application of 3D imaging system componentswithin the context of government regulations or industryspecific regulations, or both. Typically, such r

18、egulations focuson the light-emitting components of the imaging system. Thesafety plan should include a description of and procedurestaken to ensure that the system operation will conform withsite-established safety protocols and, at a minimum, regula-tions such as those of the Occupational Health a

19、nd SafetyAdministration (OSHA) (see standards in Section 1.3.3). Issuessuch as laser emission impact on existing operations andpersonnel with respect to eye safety, possible distraction byvisible beams, and so forth, with a corresponding plan address-ing area control would become a key component of

20、the dailyjob hazard analysis.4.3.2.2 The safety plan shall include site-specific safetyrules, regulations, disruption of operation notices, and so forth,covering various operational scenarios. Such scenarios typi-cally include transportation of equipment, placement of refer-ence targets, use of ladd

21、ers or scaffolding, or both, use of anyelevated system platform, use of personal protection equip-ment, and so forth.4.3.2.3 Site-specific hazards such as confined spaces, ve-hicle or pedestrian traffic, or both, explosion-endangered areas,and so forth and the safe application of equipment within th

22、econstraints of said hazards should be addressed in the safetyplan.4.4 Operator Training:4.4.1 Operator training is a key component of any safetyplan. In applying 3D imaging technology to a specific project,operators should be trained in three specific areas.4.4.1.1 The first is the safe application

23、 of the 3D imagingequipment itself. Specifically, the operator shall demonstratefamiliarity with safety requirements of each component of the3D imaging system.4.4.1.2 Secondly, the operator bears the primary responsi-bility for the awareness of the general safety requirements ofthe 3D imaging system

24、. For example, should the system emitlaser light, the operator should be familiar with the system laserclassification and those safety requirements imposed by suchagencies as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centerfor Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), OSHA, andothers as well as any spec

25、ific state or local regulations.4.4.1.3 Finally, the operator should be aware of any hazardsthat are present at each job site and understand the relevant safeoperating procedures specific to that site.4.4.2 The end user may require verification that suchtraining has occurred.4.5 Operator AwarenessA

26、safety plan specific to the siteis the recommended practice for ensuring safe operation to thegreatest extent possible. The safety plan should possess amechanism promoting and verifying operator awareness of thesafety plan and the requirements stated therein and end userawareness that such procedure

27、s are being followed. This mayinclude a daily checklist designed to ensure safety measures arefollowed in accordance with the safety plan throughout theproject. Such a checklist should be designed to reinforceadherence to the safety plan and include areas for incidentreports and general comments.5.

28、Safe Application of Laser Technology5.1 3D imaging systems are comprised of several compo-nents typically including a power supply, processing computer,laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanner, andoften, a camera. A transmitting laser is often a key componentin a 3D imaging system and is

29、often the principal safetyconcern when using a 3D imaging system.5.2 The manufacturer of 3D imaging equipment using lasertechnology is responsible for its appropriate laser classifica-tion.5.3 The operator is responsible for applying the technologysafely per the requirements of the laser classificat

30、ion as definedby applicable government agencies such as CDRH, OSHA, andso forth.5.4 Laser Hazard Classification:5.4.1 All laser systems manufactured or purchased by acompany are classified with respect to their performancecharacteristics and are labeled accordingly. Different levels ofsafety precaut

31、ions are applicable to each classification. For thisreason, the safe use of 3D imaging systems begins withunderstanding the laser hazard classification of the instrumentand appropriate safety measures required. This knowledgefacilitates development of the project safety plan and imple-mentation of c

32、orrect precautionary measures while using the3D imaging system.5.4.2 The end user and operator should be familiar with theapplicable standards regarding laser classification and thecorresponding safeguards required for operation. See the Bib-liography for further information.5.5 Applicable Local Law

33、sIn addition to law and regula-tions issued by government agencies and regulating bodies,there often exist laws or regulations, or both, issued by state orlocal agencies regarding the emission of laser light. Theoperator should be aware of any relevant local law(s) orregulations, or both, and their

34、relevance to the application ofthe operators specific 3D imaging system.6. Keywords6.1 laser; safety plan; scan; 3D imaging technologyE2641 092APPENDIXESX1. GLOSSARY OF LASER TERMSNOTE X1.1The glossary of laser terms will be supplied at a later date.X2. EXAMPLES OF SOME CURRENT STATE LASER REGULATIO

35、NSX2.1 See Table X1.1 for examples of some (not allinclusive) current state laser regulations.BIBLIOGRAPHYSample Safety Plans:(1) http:/ Information:(2) ANSI Z-136.1, Standard for Safe Use of Lasers,American NationalStandards Institute, New York, 1986.(3) ANSI Z-136.6, Standard for Safe Use of Laser

36、s Outdoors, Ameri-can National Standards Institute New York, 2005.(4) 29 CFR 1926.54, Non-Ionizing Radiation in Construction Indus-try, OSHA Technical Manual, Section III, Chapter 6, Laser Hazards,Occupational Safety and Health Administration,http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html,http:/www

37、. oshal.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_6.html(5) Laser Institute of America, Orlando, FL,http:/www.laserinstitute.org/(6) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices andRadiologial Health, HHS Publication FDA 83-8220, “SugggestedState Regulations for Control of Radiation,” Vol II Non-ion

38、izingRadiation LASERS,1982,http:/www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/guidance/fod70.pdfASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity o

39、f any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments a

40、re invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not re

41、ceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)

42、 of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE X2.1 Examples of Some Current State Laser RegulationsState Department RegulationAlaska Environmental C

43、onservation Title 18, Article 7ArizonaARadiation Regulatory Agency Chapter 3Arkansas Division of Radiation Control &Emergency ManagementAct 460FloridaADepartment of Health &Rehabilitative ServicesNon-Ionizing Chapter:10D-89Georgia Department of Public Health Chapter: 290-5-27Illinois Department of N

44、uclear Safety Chapter: 11112Massachusetts Department of Public Health 105 CMR 21Montana Health & EnvironmentalServices92-003New York Department of Labor Code Rule 50Pennsylvania Environmental Resources Chapter: 203, Title 25Texas Department of Health Radiation Control ActParts 50, 60, 70Washington Labor & Industry Chapter 296-62-WACAUsing the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD)“model state” laser standard as basis.E2641 093