ASTM E2639-2009a Standard Test Method for Blast Resistance of Trash Receptacles《废弃容器抗稻瘟病的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2639 09aStandard Test Method forBlast Resistance of Trash Receptacles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2639; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a procedure for characterizingthe performance of a trash receptacle when an explosive isdetonated within the receptacl

3、e.1.1.1 The procedure measures the magnitude of blast waves(that is, external overpressures) developed and determines theextent and location of fragmentation produced during theexplosion.1.1.2 Effects due to a fireball resulting from the detonationof an explosive within a trash receptacle are beyond

4、 the scopeof the test method.1.2 This test method is intended to be performed in open-airtest arenas.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,

5、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Government Standards:DOD 4145.26 M Department of Defense: DOD

6、 Contrac-tors Safety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives2DOD 6055.9 STD Department of Defense: DOD Ammuni-tion and Explosives Safety Standards3Department of Commerce: Voluntary Product Standard PS1, Structural Plywood43. Terminology3.1 For terminology generally associated with explosives,refer to t

7、he glossaries given in DOD 4145.26 M andDOD 6055.9 STD.3.1.1 Some of the definitions in this standard (3.2) are eitheradopted as exact copies, or are adapted, from DOD 4145.26 M.Where adapted, changes to the DOD definitions were madeonly to clarify the meaning or to incorporate related terms thatals

8、o are defined in this terminology section.3.1.2 The DOD source is identified parenthetically at theright margin following the definition.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 alias, na false low-frequency component that ap-pears when reconstructing analog data that are sampled at aninsufficient rate.3.2.2 detonatio

9、n, n(1) A violent chemical reaction withina chemical compound or mechanical mixture resulting in heatand pressure. (2) A reaction that proceeds through the reactedmaterial toward the unreacted material at a supersonic velocity.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe result of the chemical reaction isexertion of extre

10、mely high pressure on the surrounding me-dium forming a propagating shock wave that is originally ofsupersonic velocity. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.3 explosion, na chemical reaction of any chemicalcompound (or mechanical mixture) that, when initiated, under-goes a very rapid combustion or decomposition releas

11、ing largevolumes of highly heated gases that exert pressure on thesurrounding medium. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.4 explosive, nany chemical compound (or mechanicalmixture) that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detona-tion, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapidchemical change with the

12、evolution of large volumes of highlyheated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium.DOD 4145.26 M3.2.5 fireball, na highly luminous, intensely hot cloud ofdust, gas, and or vapor generated by an explosion.3.2.6 fragment, nsolid material propelled from an explo-sion as a result of fragmen

13、tation.3.2.6.1 primary fragment, na fragment produced from theexplosive device itself.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 onHomeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE54.08 on Operational Equipment.Current edition approved June 1, 20

14、09. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E 2639 09.2Available from the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John J.Kingman Road, Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 6128.3Available from the worldwide web at: http:/www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/DoD60

15、55.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf.4Available from the worldwide web at http:/ts.nist.gov/Standards/Conformity/upload/PS%201%20final%20complete%20w%20cover.pdf.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6.2 secondary fragment, na

16、 fragment produced fromthe container or environment where the container is placed; apiece of receptacle broken off as a result of the charge beingdetonated inside of it.3.2.7 fragmentation, nbreaking up of the confining mate-rial of a chemical compound (or mechanical mixture) when anexplosion takes

17、place. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.8 overpressure, nthe pressure, exceeding the ambientpressure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion.DOD 4145.26 M3.2.9 silhouette, na witness panel that is constructed inthe approximate shape of a human.3.2.10 trash receptacle, na public- or commercial-userefuse bin th

18、at holds discarded items until collected.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe capacity of a trash receptaclespecimen subjected to the test procedure described in thisstandard is typically less than 200 L (50 gal).3.2.11 trash receptacle liner, nremovable or non-removable lining that is provided within a trash rec

19、eptacle toretain liquids and fluid-like materials that seep from trash.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThis device is normally fitted to theconfiguration of the interior of the trash receptacle and ismanufactured using a molding process from non-rigid plasticmaterials.3.2.12 witness panel, na flat, rectangular s

20、heet-construction mounted upright within the explosion test arenafor purposes of determining whether fragments are producedduring the detonation of the specimen.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A trash receptacle is placed on a steel plate in the centerof an explosive test arena (as described in Section

21、 11).4.2 An explosive charge is placed at one of four predeter-mined locations within the receptacle and detonated.4.3 Upon detonation, the magnitude of the resultant pres-sure waves is measured. Subsequently, changes in the trashreceptacle dimensions are recorded, and the extent and locationof frag

22、mentation produced is recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test procedure is used to measure two effects of anexplosive detonated in a trash receptacle as related to the typeand amount of explosive charge and the location where thecharge is placed in the trash receptacle. The two sources ofdamag

23、e are from:5.1.1 Primary and secondary fragments due to the detona-tion, and5.1.2 Overpressure from the detonation.5.2 This test procedure is also used to document thephysical damage to the trash receptacle due to explosion.5.3 This test procedure is applicable to all trash receptacles,including lid

24、ded or non-lidded as supplied by the manufacturer.5.4 This test procedure is used to generate data for use indeveloping performance specifications for trash receptacles.6. Test Apparatus and Equipment6.1 Barometric Pressure GaugeTo determine atmosphericpressure at the time of the test, allowed varia

25、bility is 60.1 kPa(61 mbar). The gauge shall be capable of reading pressure atthe altitude of the explosion test site.6.2 Calipers, Steel Rule, and Measuring tape, calibrated inmillimetres, to determine the internal and external dimensionsof the trash receptacle specimen before and after the explosi

26、veevent.6.3 CamerasDigital for still photos; digital video andhigh speed digital video, capable of recording a minimum 2400frames per second, to record the explosive event, includingslow-motion effects of fragmentation and deformation of thetrash receptacle.6.4 Cardboard Tubes, to hold bare C4 explo

27、sive (see 7.1.3).6.5 DetonatorStandard electric detonator placed in thecenter of mass of the charge.6.6 Explosive, as described in Section 7.6.7 Humidity SensorAllowed variability is 62 % RH.6.8 Pressure Measuring Sensors and Recorder, as describedin 11.5.1 and 11.5.2, respectively; allowed pressure

28、 sensorvariability is 617 kPa (62.5 lbf/in.2).6.9 Temperature Measuring DeviceAllowed variability is61C (62F).6.10 Weighing Balance or Scales, for weighing the amountof explosive charge; allowed variability is 60.1 g.6.11 Weighing Scales, for determining the mass of the trashreceptacle test specimen

29、; allowed variability is 61.0 %.6.12 Wind Measuring Deviceallowed variability is 62m/s (4.5 mph).7. Explosive Charge7.1 Type of Explosive ChargeUnless otherwise deter-mined by agreement between the party commissioning the testand the testing laboratory, use a bare C4 explosive charge asthe test expl

30、osive at a relative effectiveness factor of 1.34 inrelation to 0.45 kg (1.0 lb) of trinitrotoluene (TNT).NOTE 1A Relative Effectiveness Factor (R.E. factor) is a measure-ment of an explosives power and is used to compare an explosiveseffectiveness relative to TNT by mass (weight) only. Engineers can

31、substitute one explosive for another when using blasting equations that aredesigned for TNT. For example, if a timber cutting charge requires 1 kgof TNT to work, it would take 0.75 kg of C4 to have the same effect. Forfurther discussions on the potential and relative strength of explosives, seeFunda

32、mentals of Naval Weapons Systems, Chapter 12.57.1.1 Mass of Explosive ChargeDetermine the mass ofthe explosive charge by agreement between the party commis-sioning the test and the testing laboratory.7.1.2 Fabricate the charge by packing C4 charge (or theagreed upon explosive) into a cylindrical car

33、dboard tube. Theheight of the explosive packed in the cardboard tube shall bewithin 1.0 to 1.5 times the diameter of the tube. For ease ofhandling, use masking or duct tape to close the top and bottomopenings of the packed cardboard tube.7.1.3 The density of the packed explosive charge shall beunifo

34、rm throughout the cardboard tube. For purposes of thisstandard test method, the charge is considered to be uniformly5Fundamentals of Naval Weapons Systems , Chapter 12, Weapons and SystemsEngineering Department, United States Naval Academy, http:/www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part12.htm.E 26

35、39 09a2packed in the cardboard tube if the explosive charge density isat least 1.4 g/cm3(0.051 lb/in.3).7.2 Fragmentation ChargeSecure rings of 9 6 0.03 mm(0.35 6 0.001 in.) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)Type 440, Grade 25 stainless steel balls (10 balls per 0.45 kg(1 lb) of explosive char

36、ge) horizontally to the outside of thecardboard tube at the center of the tubes length. Check that thestainless steel balls are placed uniformly around the tube.8. Detonator8.1 Use an electric detonator (for example, a M-6 or Mk-11electric blasting cap) to detonate the explosive.8.2 Place the detona

37、tor in the charge at the center of thecardboard tubes axis and at a distance of 20 to 25 mm from thetubes top.9. Trash Receptacles for Test9.1 Test SpecimenAny trash receptacle, as defined in3.2.10, is acceptable as a test specimen.9.1.1 Weigh the test specimen at the testing laboratory priorto tran

38、sporting it to the test arena.9.1.2 Record the test specimen mass in accordance withSection 15.9.2 Test trash receptacles as supplied by the manufacturerfor in-use service, unless otherwise agreed upon by the partycommissioning the test and the testing laboratory.10. Location of the Explosive Charge

39、 in the Test10.1 During testing, place the charge at one of the followingfour locations, as agreed upon by the party commissioning thetest and the testing laboratory (see Fig. 1):10.1.1 Center of the receptacle, halfway up the interiorwithout contact with the wall,10.1.2 In contact with the wall on

40、the inner seam, halfwayup the interior,10.1.3 In contact with the wall 180 opposite the innerseam, halfway up the interior, and10.1.4 In contact with the wall and bottom of the receptacle90 from the inner seam.10.2 In cases where there is no agreement for placing theexplosive charge, place the charg

41、e in contact with the wall onthe inner seam, halfway up the interior, as described in 10.1.2.10.3 In case where the inner seam of the trash receptacle testspecimen is not visible, the testing laboratory shall ask thereceptacle manufacturer to indicate the inner seam location.10.4 For the locations d

42、escribed in 10.1.1, 10.1.2, and10.1.3, support the charge with a consumable, non-blastabsorbing support such as a cardboard cylinder.10.5 For trash receptacle specimens supplied with liners, insome cases, the intersection of the interior wall and bottom ofthe trash receptacle specimen can have a cur

43、ved, hemispheri-cal, or similar configuration that impedes placing the explosivecharge in location 4 (see Fig. 1) as described in 10.1.4. In suchcases, as shown by visual examination when setting the chargein the place, use the following procedure for charge placementat location 4:10.5.1 Locate the

44、charge on the liner at a position corre-sponding to the intersection of the vertical wall and bottom ofthe trash receptacle, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Place the circularbase of the cardboard tube holding the explosive in contactwith the liner. Angle the centerline of the cardboard tube, asshown in F

45、ig. 2. Use cardboard supports and tape, as necessary,to hold the charge in this position.10.6 Even for some trash receptacle specimens suppliedwithout liners, the intersection of the interior wall and bottomof the trash receptacle specimen can have a curved, hemi-spherical, or similar configuration

46、that impedes placing theexplosive charge in location 4 (see Fig. 1) as described in10.1.4. In such cases, as shown by visual examination whensetting the charge in the place, use the following procedure forcharge placement at location 4:10.6.1 Locate the charge on the specimen interior at aposition c

47、orresponding to the intersection of the vertical walland bottom of the trash receptacle, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Placethe circular base of the cardboard tube holding the explosive incontact with the trash receptacle wall. Angle the centerline ofthe cardboard tube, as shown in Fig. 2. Use cardboard

48、 supportsand tape, as necessary, to hold the charge in this position.11. Test Arena11.1 The test arena shall consist of a flat, open-air terrainthat is approximately circular and without obstructions. Thediameter of this terrain shall be a minimum of 76 m (250 ft).11.1.1 Fig. 3 shows a schematic of

49、the test arena. The keycomponents of the test arena are:11.1.1.1 The test platform, on which the trash receptacle isplaced during testing,11.1.1.2 Witness panels arranged around the trash recep-tacle specimen to register any fragment damage from theexplosion.11.1.1.3 Silhouettes placed across the test arena for qualita-tive and visual purposes of assessing fragmentation damageSilhouettes are only used for tests incorporating fragmentationcharges (see 7.2).11.1.1.4 Pressure sensors and data acquisition system tomeasure the magnitude of shock wav