ASTM E2558-2008 Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Low Mass Wood-Burning Fireplaces.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2558 08Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in LowMass Wood-Burning Fireplaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of

2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emi

3、ssions fromwood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there

4、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 2515 Test Method for Determination of Partic

5、ulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp: D. Fi

6、r or DouglasFir.3.2.2 firebox, nthe volume within the fireplace where logsare burned.3.2.3 first fuel crib, nthe first fuel load (including fuelpieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the residualfuel from the kindling brands. The specific configuration isdescribed in 9.3.4.4.3.2.4 fuel p

7、iece, n2 3 4or43 4 wood pieces used toconstruct fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual dimensions are 38 3 89 mm (112 3 312 in.) and89 3 89 mm (312 3 312 in.).3.2.5 grate, nany device included with the fireplace orspecif

8、ied by the fireplace manufacturer for the purpose ofelevating the fuel load above the hearth or for constraining fuelpieces from falling outside the intended burning area, or both.This includes basket grates and andirons.3.2.6 hearth, nthe footprint of the fireplace firebox.3.2.7 kindling brands, nt

9、he initial fuel load or loadsplaced above crumpled newspaper to initiate combustion in thefireplace and to establish a charcoal bed that will become theignition source for subsequent fuel loads. These are comprisedof fuel strips separated by air spaces. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.

10、4.3.2.8 low mass fireplace, nany fireplace and attachedchimney that can be weighed (including the weight of the testfuel) on a platform scale that meets the requirements asspecified in 8.2.3.2.9 nominal fuel length, nthe Nominal Fuel Length(NFL) is one of five incremental nominal fuel piece lengthst

11、hat simulates real-world firewood five piece lengths. Theselengths are 406 mm (16 in.), 457 mm (18 in.), 508 mm (20 in.),559 mm (22 in.), and 610 mm (24 in.). The NFL is used forboth the kindling brands and fuel cribs.3.2.10 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of

12、solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE 2515.3.2.11 second fuel crib, nthe second fuel load (includingfuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on theresidual fuel from the first fuel crib. The specific configurationis described in 9

13、.3.4.5.3.2.12 spacers, nwood pieces used to hold individual fuelpieces together when constructing the three fuel cribs. Theirfunction is to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and airspaces between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribstogether (with nails).3.2.13 standardized fuel retai

14、ner, nany fireplace thatdoesnt include or specify a grate as defined in 3.2.5 shall usea standardized fuel retainer during testing. These retainers shallinclude vertical fuel retainer bars that are made from19 3 19 mm (0.75 3 0.75 in.) steel square bar or 19 mm (0.751This test method is under the ju

15、risdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 2558 071.2For refere

16、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West

17、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in.) diameter round steel bar and shall be 200 6 50 mm (8 6 2in.) high. They shall be attached to a steel plate that projectstoward the front of the fireplace and shall not interfere with anyfireplace function. They shall be spaced so they are300 6 13 mm (1

18、2 612 in.) apart. Their purpose is to preventfuel from rolling or falling forward during testing, thus helpingto prevent an aborted test. (See Fig. 1.)3.2.14 test facility, nthe area in which the tested fireplaceis installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.15 third fuel crib, nthe third and

19、 final fuel load(including fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placedon the residual fuel from the second fuel crib. The specificconfiguration is described in 9.3.4.6.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E 2515. The fireplace under evaluation

20、 is fueled withkindling and cribs in a way that simulates fireplace operation inthe home. An algorithm that uses the specific configuration ofthe test fireplace, including hearth and grate dimensions, isused to determine the kindling and fuel crib geometry anddimensions. Kindling brands are placed i

21、n the fireplace abovecrumpled newspaper and ignited. When the kindling brandshave burned to a certain point, the first fuel crib is placed on theremains of the kindling. When the first crib is substantiallyburned, the remaining material is adjusted as needed to form abase for the second crib. This p

22、rocess is repeated again beforeaddition of the third crib. The third crib is allowed to burn untilall flaming from volatile material in the fuel ceases, at whichpoint the test is terminated. Burn rate is determined based onthe amount of fuel added less the amount remaining at the endof the test divi

23、ded by the length of test and corrected to a dryfuel basis. Particulate sampling begins at the time of ignition ofthe newspaper and stops when the test terminates. The totalparticulate emissions are determined over the test period. Theparticulate emissions factor is then determined from the totalemi

24、ssions and the total amount of fuel burned and is reportedin grams of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel or grams ofparticulate per hour.4.2 If the test fireplace includes standard (or offers optional)components that affect particulate emission performance andthat have more than one operating posi

25、tion or conditionallowed in the owners manual that accompanies the fireplace,separate emissions tests may be required for each of the variouspositions or conditions that are allowed in the manual. Thismight include things like door open and door closed operation,for example. (See 9.4.14-9.4.16.)5. S

26、ignificance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emissionfactors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fire-places.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air qualityregulator

27、y community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts on air qualityfrom fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patternsmust be factored into any prediction of atmospher

28、ic particulatematter impacts from fireplaces based on results from thismethod.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo-gram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom non-heating appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropriate repo

29、rting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in:g/h.6. Safety6.1 DisclaimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use. It isthe re

30、sponsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrated electrical resistancemeter capable of measuring

31、test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.FIG. 1 Example, Standardized Fuel RetainerE25580827.2 Test Fuel ScaleA scale capable of weighing test fuelto within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration require-ments specified in 8.3.7.3

32、Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testfireplace and attached chimney, including the weight of the testfuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.2.7.4 Fireplace Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-i

33、solatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 3C (5.4F). Must meetcalibration requirements specified in 8.4.7.5 Fireplace Temperature Measuring DeviceA tempera-ture sensor capable of measuring firebox surface temperatureswith an accuracy of 3C (5.4F

34、). Must meet calibrationrequirements specified in 8.4.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational

35、 range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 a

36、nd 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or1%oftheexpected testfuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational ra

37、nge of the scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the

38、wood heater in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or1%oftheexpected testfuel charge weight, whichev

39、er is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational range of the scale.8.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be National Instit

40、ute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) traceable and demonstrateaccuracy of 62C (3.6F).9. Procedure9.1 Preconditioning of the FireplaceThe fireplace to beevaluated must be burned for at least 10 h prior to testing foremissions. This may be done inside or outside the test facility.9.1.1 Set up the fir

41、eplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the floor or top of the platform scale shallbe 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft).9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.4 6 0.1 m (8 6 0.3 ft) above th

42、e floor.9.1.3 Record the start time and flue gas temperature.9.1.4 Ignite a fire using newspaper and kindling andestablish an actively burning fire. Add more fuel as needed tosustain the fire.NOTE 1Any type of untreated wood may be used for the precondi-tioning.9.1.5 Record the time and weight for a

43、ll fuel added.9.1.6 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once duringeach 30 min of operation.9.1.7 Record the ending time, total wood weight of woodburned, and total elapsed time of operation.9.1.8 When the preconditioning fire is completed, allow thefireplace to cool to room temperature and rem

44、ove all unburnedwood, charcoal, ash, or other debris from the firebox.9.1.9 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brushappropriately sized for the chimney.9.2 Install the fireplace in the test facility.9.2.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. Use t

45、he chimney type suppliedor specified by the manufacturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the top of the platform scale shall be4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft). Do not install a chimney cap.NOTE 2The chimney that is used for testing should be documented inthe test data and test report.9.2.2 Ce

46、nter the flue outlet (chimney) under the dilutiontunnel hood. Refer to Test Method E 2515 for specific require-ments including positioning the flue outlet to meet induceddraft and smoke capture requirements.9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.4 6 0.1m(

47、86 0.3 ft) above the floor.9.3 Fuel:9.3.1 Fuel Properties:9.3.1.1 The fuel is untreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber.9.3.1.2 Fuel MoistureThe fuel moisture shall be measuredusing a fuel moisture meter as specified in 7.1. Moisture shallnot be added to previously dried fuel pieces. Fu

48、el moistureshall be measured within four hours of using the fuel for a test.(1) Kindling LoadsThe average fuel moisture for eachfuel strip used in each of the two specified kindling brands shallbe between 6 and 12 % dry basis. Kiln-dried lumber ispermitted for the kindling brands. Determine fuel moi

49、sture foreach fuel strip. One moisture meter reading from each strip,measured parallel to the wood grain is sufficient. If an electricalresistance type fuel moisture meter is used, penetration ofinsulated electrodes shall be14 the thickness of the fuel strips.Average all the readings for all the fuel strips for each kindlingbrand to determine the average fuel moisture for each kindlingbrand.(2) Main Fuel CribsThe average fuel moisture for eachfuel piece used to construct each of the three fuel cribs shall bebetween 19 and 25 % dry bas