ASTM E2388-2005 Standard Guide for Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners《法医文献审查人的最低培训要求的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2388 05Standard Guide forMinimum Training Requirements for Forensic DocumentExaminers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements and proce-dures that should be used for the fundamental training offorensic document e

3、xaminers (E 444).1.2 This guide may not cover all aspects of training for thetopics addressed or for unusual or uncommon examinations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta

4、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Standard Descriptions of Scope of Work Relating toForensic Document ExaminersE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE 2195 T

5、erminology Relating to Forensic Document Ex-amination3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 technical visit, ntravel for the purpose of obtaininginformation, knowledge, or training, including interaction withor demonstration by pertinent manufacturers, businesses, andlaboratories.3.1.2 For definitions

6、of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-nologies E 1732 and E 2195.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theserequirements and procedures, an appropriate

7、 trainee (see 5.2)can acquire the scientific, technical, and other specializedknowledge, skill, and experience required to reliably performthe work of a forensic document examiner (E 444).5. Equipment and Personnel5.1 Training Materials and Equipment:5.1.1 Access to texts, periodicals, papers, and o

8、ther profes-sional literature.5.1.2 Access to equipment appropriate to each area ofinstruction.5.2 Requirements for the Trainee Candidate:5.2.1 An earned baccalaureate degree or equivalent from anaccredited college or university.5.2.2 Documented successful completion of a form dis-crimination test.5

9、.2.3 Documented successful completion of a color percep-tion test.5.2.4 Documented successful completion of near and distantvisual acuity tests with best corrected vision within six monthsprior to commencement of training.5.3 Requirements for the Trainer(s):5.3.1 Requirements for the principal train

10、er:5.3.1.1 The principal trainer shall be a forensic documentexaminer;5.3.1.2 Have successfully completed the equivalent of aminimum of 24 months full-time supervised training;5.3.1.3 Have been trained in the topics of instruction in thisguide (Section 7); and5.3.1.4 Have at least five years of full

11、-time post-trainingexperience as a forensic document examiner.5.3.1.5 All of the above should be documented.5.3.1.6 The principal trainer should have successfully com-pleted a course or seminar in instructor development.5.3.2 The qualifications of any other trainers shall beapproved by the principal

12、 trainer.6. Procedure6.1 The training program shall be the equivalent of aminimum of 24 months full-time training under the supervisionof a principal trainer.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Que

13、stionedDocuments.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2005. Published October 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page

14、 onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.1 The training program shall be successfully completedin a period not to exceed four years.6.1.2 Each area of instruction will have an objective(s)established by

15、 the principal trainer. Examination(s) (for ex-ample, written test, oral test, practical exercise) will beadministered in order to measure the trainees knowledge.NOTE 1Although attending meetings and presentations is useful assupplemental training, it does not replace the training outlined in Sectio

16、n7 of this guide. However, the principal trainer may grant credit to thetrainee for knowledge (as per Section 7) acquired at such meetings andpresentations.6.1.3 The principal trainer may grant credit for prior trainingor experience in Section 7 subject areas when the trainee candemonstrate and docu

17、ment such training or experience.6.1.4 A training record for each trainee will be maintainedand will document the following:6.1.4.1 Instruction in each topic area.6.1.4.2 A bibliography of relevant literature studied.6.1.4.3 Examination(s) (for example, written test, oral test,practical exercise).6.

18、1.4.4 Case statistics (for example, number, type, items,reports).6.1.4.5 Outside training, technical visits, courses, confer-ences, or workshops attended.6.1.4.6 Research conducted.7. Syllabus7.1 A formal written training program will include specifictopics of instruction. The order in which they ar

19、e administeredis discretionary; however, the amount of time must be adequateto ensure competency in all topic areas. The minimum specifictopics are:7.2 Introduction and History of Forensic Document Exami-nation:7.2.1 Ethical responsibilities.7.2.2 Literature of the field.7.2.3 Evolution of the field

20、.7.2.4 Historical cases.7.2.5 Scientific method.7.2.6 Research methodology.7.3 Evidence Handling Procedures:7.3.1 Procedures and protocols.7.3.2 Relationship of forensic document examination toother forensic disciplines.7.3.3 Collection and preservation.7.3.4 Marking and documentation.7.3.5 Chain of

21、 custody.7.4 Examination Procedures:7.4.1 Procedures and protocols.7.4.2 Theory of individualization.7.4.3 Case organization.7.4.4 Note taking.7.4.5 Conclusions and findings.7.4.6 Report writing.7.5 Laboratory Instrumentation and Equipment:7.5.1 Procedures and protocols.7.5.2 Physics of light pertin

22、ent to forensic document exami-nation procedures.7.5.3 Microscopy.7.5.4 Measuring systems and devices.7.5.5 Light sources.7.5.6 Electrostatic detection devices.7.5.7 Typewriter examination devices.7.5.8 Computers and peripherals.7.5.9 Other relevant laboratory equipment.7.6 Paper:7.6.1 Procedures an

23、d protocols.7.6.2 History of paper.7.6.3 Manufacturing processes.7.6.4 Physical properties (for example, light-reactive, wa-termarks, dimensions, security features).7.6.5 Physical matches (for example, fibers, tears, edgestriations).7.6.6 Tapes and adhesives.7.6.7 Indentations.7.7 Writing Instrument

24、s and Inks:7.7.1 Procedures and protocols.7.7.2 History of writing instruments and inks.7.7.3 Properties of inks.7.7.4 Destructive and nondestructive analyses of inks.7.7.5 Writing instrument characteristics.7.7.6 Sequence, direction, and pressure of strokes.7.8 Handwriting (including Cursive or Scr

25、ipt Style Writing,Hand Printing, Signatures, Numerals, and Other WrittenMarks or Signs):7.8.1 Procedures and protocols.7.8.2 History and theory.7.8.3 Physiology of handwriting and motor control.7.8.4 Handwriting systems.7.8.5 Handwriting comparison process.7.8.6 Individualizing characteristics (indi

26、vidual and class).7.8.7 Features of handwriting (for example, variation, linequality, skill level).7.8.8 Distorted handwriting.7.8.9 Factors affecting handwriting (internal and external).7.8.10 Tracings and simulations.7.8.11 Other handwriting problems.7.9 Alterations, Obliterations, and Erasures:7.

27、9.1 Procedures and Protocols.7.9.2 Types of alterations (for example, page substitution,insertion).7.9.3 Types of obliterations (for example, opaquing fluid,over-writing, chemical).7.9.4 Types of erasures (physical and chemical).7.9.5 Detection and decipherment techniques.7.10 Typewriters:7.10.1 Pro

28、cedures and protocols.7.10.2 History of typewriters.7.10.3 Fundamentals of typewriter examination (individual-ization and comparison).7.10.4 Typestyle classification.7.10.5 Typing and correction ribbon examinations.7.10.6 Paper fiber transfer.7.11 Computer Printers:7.11.1 Procedures and protocols.7.

29、11.2 History of computer printers.E23880527.11.3 Fundamentals of computer printer examinations (in-dividualization and comparison).7.11.4 Computer printing processes (impact and nonim-pact).7.11.5 Font classification.7.12 Photocopiers:7.12.1 Procedures and protocols.7.12.2 History of photocopiers.7.

30、12.3 Electrostatic and other imaging processes.7.12.4 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison).7.12.5 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7.13 Facsimiles:7.13.1 Procedures and protocols.7.13.2 History of facsimile machines.7.13.3 Imaging processes.7.13.4 Fundamentals of exami

31、nation (individualization andcomparison).7.13.5 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7.14 Printing Processes:7.14.1 Procedures and protocols.7.14.2 History of printing.7.14.3 Typography.7.14.4 Characteristics of printing processes.7.14.5 Fundamentals of examination (individualization andcomparison

32、).7.14.6 Security features.7.15 Mechanical Impressions:7.15.1 Procedures and protocols.7.15.2 History of devices (for example, check writers,rubber and polymer stamps, paper binders, staples, embossingdevices, seals and stamped impressions, fasteners, hole punch-ers).7.15.3 Fundamentals of examinati

33、on (individualization andcomparison).7.16 Charred and Soaked Documents:7.16.1 Procedures and protocols.7.16.2 Care and preservation.7.16.3 Examination and decipherment.7.17 Photography and Digital Imaging:7.17.1 Procedures and protocols.7.17.2 General photography.7.17.3 Document photography.7.17.4 D

34、igital photography.7.17.5 Digital imaging techniques.7.17.6 Alteration and manipulation techniques.7.17.7 Image editing software.7.18 Miscellaneous Examinations:7.18.1 Dependent upon the capabilities or requirements ofthe laboratory.7.19 Expert Witness and Legal Proceedings:7.19.1 Procedures and pro

35、tocols.7.19.2 Terminology.7.19.3 Relevant law.7.19.4 Adjudication systems.7.19.5 Effective communication.7.19.6 Courtroom demeanor.7.19.7 Preparation and use of demonstrative exhibits.7.19.8 Observation of pre-trial conferences and testimonyof experts, actual or mock.7.19.9 Participation as an exper

36、t witness in mock trials.7.20 Practical Experience:7.20.1 Supervised casework.7.20.2 Training or observation at other forensic documentlaboratories is recommended.7.20.3 Supplemental education (for example, courses, semi-nars, technical visits, workshops).8. Keywords8.1 forensic document examination

37、; forensic document ex-aminer; forensic sciences; questioned documents; trainingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the val

38、idity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your com

39、ments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have

40、 not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2388053