ASTM E2325-2005 Standard Guide for Non-destructive Examination of Paper《纸的无损检验的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E 2325 05Standard Guide forNon-destructive Examination of Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2325; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (see Guide E 444) for non-destructive examinations of paper.1.2 These
3、procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion is of questioned and known items or of exclusivelyquestioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature of
4、the material available for examina-tion.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularlyunusual or uncommon examinations of paper samples.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
5、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Guide for Descriptions of Scopes of Work Relating toForensic Sciences for Questioned Document AreaE 1422 Guide for Test
6、Methods for Forensic Writing InkComparisonE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE XXXX Terminology Relating to Forensic Document Ex-amination3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-nologies E 1732 and E XXXX.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
7、c to This Standard:3.2.1 fluorescence, na process by which radiant energy isabsorbed and reradiated at other, usually longer, wavelengths.3.2.2 infrared (IR), nreferring to radiant flux havingwavelengths longer than the wavelengths of light, usuallywavelengths from about 780 nm to about 1 mm. E 2843
8、.2.3 infrared luminescence (IRL), nthe emission of radi-ant energy during a transition from an excited electronic stateof an atom, molecule, or ion to a lower electronic state(fluorescence or phosphorescence, or both), where the spec-trum of the excitation source is in the ultraviolet (UV) orvisible
9、 region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or both, and thespectrum of the emitted energy is in the far red or infrared (IR)region of the electromagnetic spectrum. E 14223.2.4 luminescence, nthe emission of radiant energy dur-ing a transition from an excited electronic state of an atom,molecule, or io
10、n to a lower electronic state. E 14223.2.5 opacity, nthe property of paper that prevents thetransmission of light.3.2.6 ultraviolet (UV), nreferring to radiant flux havingwavelengths shorter than the wavelengths of light, usuallywavelengths from about 10 nm to 380 nm. E 14223.2.6.1 DiscussionLong-wa
11、ve UV usually refers to thespectral range of UV-A, with wavelengths from about 315 nmto 380 nm. Short-wave UV usually refers to the spectral rangeof UV-C, with wavelengths from 100 nm to 280 nm.3.2.7 watermark, na localized modification of the forma-tion and/or opacity of a sheet of paper so that a
12、pattern, design,or word group can be seen in the dry sheet when viewed usingside lighting or transmitted light.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following the
13、seprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably evalu-ate the physical similarities or differences between papers thatcan lead to a determination as to whether papers originatedfrom the same source.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the dir
14、ect responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
15、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Interferences5.1 Certain items submitted for examination may haveinherent limitations that can interfere with the proce
16、dures inthis guide. Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 The condition of a paper sample may make it unsuitablefor some types of examinations (for example, item(s) that arewater soaked, stained, soiled, charred, or finely shredded).5.3 Storage conditions such as exposure to light, heat, ormo
17、isture can affect the appearance of paper during certaintests.5.4 Chemical processing for latent prints generally inter-feres with non-destructive paper examination. Paper examina-tions should be conducted prior to any chemical processing.5.5 Items should be handled as little as possible prior to an
18、dduring paper examinations to prevent contamination such asthe introduction of latent prints. The use of clean cloth glovesis recommended.5.6 In the paper manufacturing process reams of paper andother paper products can be comprised of sheets from one ormore rolls of paper. Differences in paper char
19、acteristics may bepresent in individual sheets from the same ream or product and,therefore, must be considered when assessing color, thickness,UV fluorescence, IRL, opacity, surface texture and printedmaterial (see 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 7.11, and 7.17).6. Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate lig
20、ht source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.NOTE 1Natural light, incandescent or fluorescent sources, transmittedillumination and fiber optic lighting systems are generally utilized. Sidelighting and vertical incident lighting may be useful in a variety ofsituations.
21、6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Measuring Devices:6.3.1 Micrometer capable of measuring in increments of0.02 mm or 0.001 inch. Ruler measuring at least 300 mm long,marked in increments of 0.5 mm or less, or measuring at least12 in. long, marked in increment
22、s of164 in. or less.6.3.2 Scale capable of measuring 0.001 g.6.4 IR image conversion device or system with appropriatelight sources and filters for use in IR and IRL examinations.6.5 Electrostatic detection device to examine for indentedimpressions.6.6 Long and short wave UV sources.6.7 Materials su
23、fficient to evaluate the relative opacity ofpaper.6.8 Other apparatus as appropriate.6.9 Imaging or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.10 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. ProceduresNOTE 2All procedures shall be performed when applicable and
24、notedwhen appropriate. These procedures need not be performed in the ordergiven.7.1 Examinations performed, relevant observations, andresults shall be documented.7.2 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature is not present or that an item is lackingin quality or
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