ASTM E2168-2010(2016) Standard Classification for Allowance Contingency and Reserve Sums in Building Construction Estimating《建筑施工估算中津贴 应急费用以及备用款项的标准分类》.pdf
《ASTM E2168-2010(2016) Standard Classification for Allowance Contingency and Reserve Sums in Building Construction Estimating《建筑施工估算中津贴 应急费用以及备用款项的标准分类》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM E2168-2010(2016) Standard Classification for Allowance Contingency and Reserve Sums in Building Construction Estimating《建筑施工估算中津贴 应急费用以及备用款项的标准分类》.pdf(8页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: E2168 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Classification forAllowance, Contingency, and Reserve Sums in BuildingConstruction Estimating1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2168; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIn building construction estimating the terms allowance, contingency, and reserve are of
3、ten usedalmost interchangeably and are assumed to be universally understood, yet they often mean differentthings to different people. Consequently they can be ambiguous in meaning and intent.Applying these terms, as classified herein, adds a needed precision and rigor in their use as eachterm is hel
4、d to be specific in its meaning, intent, and use.1. Scope1.1 This classification establishes a classification forallowance, contingency, and reserve sums used in construction,project, and program estimating.1.2 This classification applies to all construction work.1.3 This classification is not based
5、 on permanent physicalelements of construction (as defined and classified in Classifi-cation E1557). Rather, the classification items are cost compo-nents common to construction, project, and program estimates.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833
6、Terminology of Building EconomicsE1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost AnalysisDuring the Design Phase of a ProjectE1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings andBuilding Systems and Other Constructed Projec
7、tsE2013 Practice for Constructing FAST Diagrams and Per-forming Function Analysis During Value Analysis Study3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisclassification, refer to Terminologies E631 and E833.4. Significance and Use4.1 When preparing construction, project, and pro
8、gram costestimates, it is often necessary to make monetary provision forchange or risk, or both, or other exigencies where informationis incomplete.4.2 Such allowance, contingency or reserve sums are em-ployed by many persons engaged in the planning, delivery, andfinancing of construction work.4.3 T
9、hese users include owners, developers, facilitiesprogrammers, cost planners, estimators, schedules, architectsand engineers, specification writers, operating and maintenancestaff, manufacturers, educators, financial managers, and comp-trollers.4.4 Usage:4.4.1 These sums are especially appropriate wh
10、en perform-ing the following activities:Cost budgeting;Conceptual, design, and construction cost estimating;Preparing complete forecast cost for economic evaluation,investment analysis, and approval; andControlling cost during planning, design, and construction.4.4.2 In any of these activities a nee
11、ded requirement, orcomponent, of the planned construction can be known whilethe defined solution, design or specification, for providing thismay not. The usual, and appropriate, response in thesesituations, is the inclusion of a monetary sum, within anestimate, to provide for this (these) requiremen
12、t(s).4.4.3 Such sums may be general or specific in scope, may beplanned to be spent or may only be included as possiblemitigation for unplanned events and requirements.1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of
13、Subcommittee E06.81on Building Economics.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2168 10. DOI:10.1520/E2168-10R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
14、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.4.4 To distinguish between these sums, and
15、 in recognitionof their differing purpose, they are described, and classifiedhere, using the terms allowance, contingency, or reserve.NOTE 1Section 5 includes a generic statement of purpose for each ofthe three terms and provides a sub-classification that distinguishesbetween sums included for speci
16、fic purposes and for non-specific, that is,general purposes. In cost budgeting, conceptual and design estimatingespecially, an estimator may intuitively recognize the need for a generalpurpose sum. This recognition comes in the absence of any known specificrequirement other than the need to ensure t
17、he estimate total is a reasonedforecast of a reasonable bid result.4.5 This classification defines allowance, contingency, andreserve sums as items common to construction, project, andprogram estimates through planning, design, construction, andcompletion. The terms are sufficiently generic to be ap
18、plied inall forms of construction work.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Classification Criteria:5.1.1 The selected classification of terms is based on thefollowing criteria. The terms shall:Be readily distinguishable one from the other,Be simple and must identify their properties and usage directly,Be
19、appropriate in all forms of construction financial activities, andAllow a distinction between the environments (internal or external)within which they are applied.5.2 Primary Classification:5.2.1 AllowanceA sum of money that is intended to bespent on the planned scope of work. Used in the absence of
20、precise knowledge, and estimated, to the best of ones abilities,to ensure a full and complete estimate. Allowances coverevents and activities that are normally internal and so aredirectly controllable within the project plan.5.2.2 ContingencyA sum of money that is provided tocover the occurrence of
21、unintended departures from theplanned scope of work. Used in the absence of preciseknowledge, and estimated, to the best of ones knowledge toensure that a financial buffer is available within a budget.Contingencies assist in mitigating the effects of unplannedevents and other risks that are external
22、 to, and are not directlycontrollable within, a project plan.5.2.3 ReserveA sum, usually held by management (client)to be disbursed only when project requirements are changed.Used to provide insurance against a project or program failingto complete on budget or for the revision of a budget in the ca
23、seof changed management or program direction and requirement.NOTE 2For the purposes of the classification an internal environmentis that which exists within an organization. An internal environment mayreadily allow cost control through revision of design or specification, orboth. External environmen
24、t changes impact the project cost and may bethe result of contractual obligation, uncovered site conditions or changedlegislation, for example. External environment changes may allow little orno opportunity for mitigation.5.3 Secondary Classification:5.3.1 Each of the Primary Classifications may be
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