ASTM E2102-2008 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2102 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for ScreeningPurposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe screening fire-test-response method described in this

3、standard uses a radiant energy sourcesimilar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E 1354. However, the test method apparatusis much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat an

4、d smoke release. A fire-test-response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristicscan be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlledconditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and d

5、evelopment, when there is aneed for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows theuser to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expectedmargins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fire

6、 terminology as fire-response testsperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-relatedcharacteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in

7、question. Screening tests addressingfire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that inthe fire test method for which screening is desired.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means ofmeasuring mass loss and ignitability, for s

8、creening purposes,from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This testmethod is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics

9、obtainedfrom this test method are those associated with mass loss fromthe specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustainedflaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obt

10、ained fromthis test are best used for comparisons between materials withsome similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat releasedepends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and nouniversal formula exists for calculation of heat release usingmass

11、loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from thistest method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in TestMethod E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applicationsstandards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced

12、testmethods permit measurements of added fire-test-response char-acteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by thistest method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of thematerial, product, or assembly.1.6 This fir

13、e-test-response method does not provide infor-mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fireconditions other than those conditions specified in this testmethod. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM

14、SI-10. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Origi

15、nallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 2102 - 04a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat

16、 and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for p

17、ersonnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us

18、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread,Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of InsulatingMateria

19、ls Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter toDetermine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulat-ing Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical FiberCablesE 176 Terminology of Fire Standard

20、sE 535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer RateCalorimeters Using a Narrow-Angle Blackbody RadiationFacility3E 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Produc

21、ts Using a ThermopileMethodE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Co

22、nsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE 1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E 1740 Test Method for

23、 Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE 1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsIEEE/ASTM SI-10, International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3261 Fire Test

24、sVocabulary3ISO 5657 , Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability ofBuilding ProductsISO 5660-1 Fire TestsReaction to FireRate of Heat Re-lease from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 British Standards

25、:5BS 476, Part 15, Fire Tests Reaction to FireRate of HeatRelease from Building Products (Cone calorimetermethod)BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use inFire Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in Te

26、rminologyE 176, ISO 3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 continuous (as related to da

27、ta acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorless.3.2.3 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregu-larity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.4 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.5 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over

28、the surfaceof the specimen for periods of less than 1 s.3.2.6 irradiance (at a point of a surface), nratio of theradiant flux incident on a small but measurable element ofsurface containing the point, by the area of that element.3.2.6.1 DiscussionConvective heating is negligible in thehorizontal spe

29、cimen orientation. In the vertical orientation, it issmall, but not negligible. Despite this contribution fromconvective heating, the term “irradiance” is used instead of“heat flux” throughout this test method as it best indicates theessentially radiative mode of heat transfer.3.2.7 material, nsingl

30、e substance, or uniformly dispersedmixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineralfiber, or polymer.3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing.3.2.8.1 DiscussionFor this standard, the specimen orien-tation may only be either vertical

31、 or horizontal.3.2.9 sample, nan amount of the material, product, orassembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as awhole.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume

32、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland or American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available fro

33、m British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood,Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United KingdomE21020823.2.10 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the productwhich is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThis may include an air gap.3.2.11 sustained flaming, nthe

34、 existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.12 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.3.2.13 time to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.3.2.14 tra

35、nsitory flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method employs a conically-shapedelectrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as toproduce an irradiance level of up to 100 kW/m2, averaged

36、 overthe center of the exposed surface of an essentially planarspecimen. An external spark ignitor is available, if required.This test method is used to determine continuously the masslost during the combustion process, using a load cell, forscreening purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by the t

37、estmethod.4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining anestimate of the heat released by the specimen during theburning process, using a thermopile housed above the burningspecimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat releaseusing a similar radiant-energy source and oxygen consumptio

38、ncalorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test MethodE 1354.4.2 The specimen is essentially planar, 100 mm by 100 mm3.9 by 3.9 in. in size, at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm 1in. and is mounted within a holder.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for screening mate-r

39、ials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitabilitythey exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. Asan option, the test method is also suitable for screening for theheat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2).5.1.1 Terminology E 176, on fire standards, stat

40、es thatfire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition andmass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flamespread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency ofsmoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assemblyis a fire-test-response characteristic

41、that gives an indication ofits burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associatedwith slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is notalways a result of combustion, and that this method does notassess release of smoke or combustion products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, p

42、roduct, or assem-bly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indicationof its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level andsubsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface.Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lowerpropensity for the material, pro

43、duct, or assembly to becomeinvolved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however thismethod does not assess the smoke or combustion productsreleased.5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable toassess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials,products, or assemblies tes

44、ted, by assessing ignitability atvarious heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to thespecimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherentfundamental properties of the material, product, or assemblytested. Thus, closely repeatable or repr

45、oducible experimentalresults are not to be expected from this test method when testsare conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, whileintroducing variations in properties such as specimen thicknessor density.5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method.The instrument is c

46、apable of generating irradiances ranging upto 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of theapplication of the material, product, or assembly to be tested,and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, themethod is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10kW/m3(see 5.7.3

47、).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release,a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygenconsumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter,Test Method E 1354, in its applications standards, such as TestMethod E 1474 and E 1740, or in intermediate scale or a l

48、argescale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E 1623,E 1537, E 1590 or D 5537 (see also Annex A2). On the otherhand the thermopile method of assessing heat release has beenused extensively because of its simplicity, including TestMethod E 906, and other applications discussed in GuideE 60

49、3.65.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable ma-terials requires special procedures (see 8.4 and 8.5).5.6 Testing in the vertical orientation is feasible with the testmethod, but not recommended, as it has been shown to havethe potential to lead to serious measurement errors on time toignition.5.7 Limitations5.7.1 No universal formula exists for calculation of heatrelease as a function of mass loss. If heat release data aredesired, calibration curves must be developed by the user, andthey are specific to the material, product, or assembly tested.5