ASTM E1732-2011a Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science.pdf

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1、Designation: E1732 11aStandard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in

2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientificterms that are generally understood or defined ad

3、equately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every fiveyears, and the year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstand

4、ards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abb

5、reviation.32. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by InterlaboratoryComparisonsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE2161 Terminology Relating

6、 to Performance Validation inThermal Analysis2.2 ISO Standards:5ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2: Statistical Quality ControlISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality ManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General T

7、erms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty inMeasurement (GUM)2.3 Other So

8、urces:EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Meth-ods, EURACHEM Working Group, English EditionIAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical andInstrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI ForensicScience Committee6IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Ter-minology, Second Editio

9、n, 19973. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensicsciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions wereused in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy isas follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technicaldictionaries; and the Co

10、mpilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions.7The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTermin

11、ology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1732 11. DOI:10.1520/E1732-11A.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalist

12、ics, QD = questioned docu-ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology,ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i

13、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators, In

14、c.(IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Avenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, http:/.7ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. T

15、erminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material used to initiate or promote thespread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is anaccelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse. IAAI Glossaryaccuracy, nthe closeness of ag

16、reement between a test resultand the accepted reference value. E177DISCUSSION(1) In practice, the accepted reference value is substi-tuted for the true value.(1) The term 9accuracy,9 when applied to a set of test or measurementresults, involves a combination of random components and a commonsystemat

17、ic error or bias component.(3) Accuracy refers to a combination of trueness and precision.ISO 3534:1993(E/F)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends to link aperson, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified cond

18、itions, the relationship between values indi-cated by a measuring instrument or measuring system orvalues represented by a material, and the correspondingknown values of measurement.chain of custody, nprocedures and documents that accountfor the possession of a sample by tracking its handling andsto

19、rage from its point of collection to its final disposition.class, na group, set or kind marked by common attributes ora common attribute. Websters Unabridged Dictionary8class characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s) that establish mem-bership in a class.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of per

20、sons orobjects into categories (groups or classes) based on sharedtraits or characteristics. Osterburg and Ward,9p. 835comparison sample, n(fire debris) (1) a sample of materialcollected from a fire scene which is, to the best of theinvestigators knowledge, identical in every respect to asample susp

21、ected of containing ignitable substance, butwhich does not contain ignitable substance; (2) a sample ofsuspected ignitable substance submitted for the purpose ofcomparing with any ignitable substance separated from adebris sample.control, nmaterial of established origin that is used toevaluate the p

22、erformance of a test or comparison.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned withthe examination and interpretation of physical evidence, forthe purpose of aiding forensic investigation.exemplar, na specimen of physical evidence of knownorigin. Osterburg and Ward,9p. 837expanded uncert

23、ainty (U), nquantity defining an intervalabout a result of a measurement that may be expected toencompass a large fraction of the distribution of values thatcould reasonably be attributed to the measurand.DISCUSSION(1) The fraction may be regarded as the coverageprobability or level of confidence of

24、 the interval.(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the intervaldefined by the expanded uncertainty requires explicit or implicitassumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by themeasurement result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level ofconfidence that

25、 may be attributed to this interval can be known only tothe extent to which such assumptions can be justified.(3) An expanded uncertainty U is calculated from a combinedstandard uncertainty uc and coverage factor k using:U 5 k 3 ucISO GUM, EURACHEMfalse positive, na test result that states that a dr

26、ug is presentwhen, in fact, such a drug is not present in an amount greaterthan a threshold or designated cut-off concentration.known, nof established origin associated with the matterunder investigation.limit of detection, nthe lowest content that can be measuredwith reasonable statistical certaint

27、y.EURACHEMpopulation, nthe totality of items or units of material underconsideration.DISCUSSIONThe word “items” may be interpreted in the sense ofmeasurements, or possible measurements, of a single characteristic, oroccasionally for multiple characteristics, on all items or units ofmaterial being co

28、nsidered. The word “totality” may refer to items notavailable for inclusion in samples as well as those which are available.E456procedure, nspecified way to carry out an activity or aprocess.DISCUSSION(1) Procedures can be documented or not.(2) When a procedure is documented, the term “written proce

29、dure”or “documented procedure” is frequently used. The document thatcontains a procedure can be called a “procedure document.ISO 9000:2005(E)proficiency testing, ndetermination of laboratory testingperformance by means of interlaboratory test comparisons.ISO Guide 2qualitative analysis, nchemical, a

30、nalysis in which sub-stances are identified or classified on the basis of theirchemical or physical properties, such as chemical reactivity,solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative prop-erties (emission, absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life,etc. (See also quantitative analysis.

31、)IUPAC Terminologyquality assurance, nall the planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality system, and demonstrated asneeded, to provide adequate confidence that an entity willfulfill requirements for quality. ISO Guide 2quantitative analysis, nchemical, analyses in which theamoun

32、t or concentration of an analyte may be determined(estimated) and expressed as a numerical value in appropri-ate units. Qualitative analysis may take place without quan-titative analysis, but quantitative analysis requires the iden-tification (qualification) of the analytes for which numericalestima

33、tes are given. IUPAC Terminologyquantitation limit, nthe minimum amount that can bequantitated with acceptable accuracy and precision. E2161questioned, nassociated with the matter under investigation8Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1967, s.v. “class.”9Osterburg J.W., and Ward, R.H., Criminal Investi

34、gation: A Method forReconstructing the Past, Anderson Pub. Co.: Cincinnati, OH: 1992.E1732 11a2about which there is some question, including, but notlimited to, whether the questioned and known items have acommon origin.recovery, nchemical, term used in analytical and preparativechemistry to denote

35、the fraction of the total quantity of asubstance recoverable following a chemical procedure.IUPAC Terminologyreference material, na material or substance, one or more ofwhose property values are sufficiently homogenous and wellestablished to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, theassessment

36、 of a measurement method, or for assigningvalues to materials. E1301reproducibility, nthe closeness of agreement between testresults obtained under reproducibility conditions (that is,conditions under which test results are obtained with thesame test method on identical material in different laborat

37、o-ries). E1301, E456samplea group of items, test results or portions of material,taken from a large collection of items, test results or portionsof material, which serves to provide information that may beused as a basis for making a decision concerning the largercollection. E456sampleone or more sa

38、mpling units taken from a popula-tion and intended to provide information on the population.ISO 3534:1993sampling, n(the) process of drawing or constituting asample. E1402, ISO 3534:1993selectivity, n(1) (qualitative): the extent to which othersubstances interfere with the determination of a substan

39、ceaccording to a given procedure; (2) (quantitative): a termused in conjunction with another substantive (for example,constant, coefficient, index, factor, number) for the quanti-tative characterization of interferences. EURACHEM,IUPAC Terminologystandard, nmaterial of established origin with certif

40、iedproperties.test, ndetermination of one or more characteristics accordingto a procedure. ISO 9000:2005(E)test method, na definitive procedure that produces a testresult. E456traceabilityproperty of a result of a measurement or value ofa standard whereby it can be related with a stated uncer-tainty

41、, to stated references, usually national or internationalstandards through an unbroken chain of comparisons.ISO Guide 30:1992(E/F)DISCUSSION(1) The concept is often expressed by the adjectivetraceable.(2) The unbroken chain of comparisons is called a traceability chain.(3) (Applicable only to the Fr

42、ench text.)(4) Traceability of values in the certification of reference materialsfor chemical composition is discussed in IS0 Guide 35:1989 (subclause9.3.1) where attention is drawn to the special problems associated withchemical analysis. Traceability of the chemical species is frequently ofequal o

43、r greater importance than the traceability of the calibration of theinstruments used in the analysis.validation, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that the requirements for a specific intendeduse or application have been fulfilled.DISCUSSION(1) The term “validated” is used

44、 to designate thecorresponding status.(2) The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.ISO 9000:2005(E)verification, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that specified requirements have been ful-filled.DISCUSSION(1) The term “verified” is used to designate the

45、corre-sponding status.(2) Confirmation can comprise activities such as: performing alter-native calculations; comparing a new design specification with a similarproven design specification; and undertaking tests and demonstrations,and reviewing documents prior to issue. ISO 9000:2005(E)ASTM Internat

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